• 수완나부미
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.95-119
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• 2016

From the migrant care-workers arriving in Japan from the Philippines and Indonesia to support the depleted social support system for the large population of the elderly (Ogawa 2012) to the increasing number of retiring Japanese embarking on long-stay tourism in Malaysia (Ono 2015), the Japanese image of Southeast Asia as an exotic destination offering cheap labor in return for official development assistance seems to be fading away. Yet these changes are not necessarily reflected in the way contemporary Japanese, especially those who belong to the global, "spiritual-but not-religious" (Fuller 2001) population, think of and "consume" Southeast Asia in their daily lives. Using three case-studies, spiritual tours, Thai massage, and an NGO founded by a Japanese spiritual therapist, this paper argues that in Japan's large spiritual market, which targets people seeking alternative ways to express their religiosity, the old-fashioned colonial exoticism of Southeast Asian narratives were integrated in a totalizing discourse, in which Japan remains the exceptional outlier (Tanaka 1993), a country still claimed to be "advanced" both spiritually and economically.

• 수완나부미
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.79-111
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• 2016

Malaya attained independence on August 31, 1957 from Britain. However this new nation faced a communist insurgency known today as the "Malayan Emergency" (1948-1960). Then in 1961, Tunku announced a wider federation of "Malaysia", viz. Malaya, British Crown Colonies of Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo, and the protectorate of Brunei. Countering communism was a principal motive for "Malaysia". Sarawak's leftist elements were rejected with an armed opposition. Malaysia was formed excluding Brunei. Amidst its birth pangs, Malaysia faced hostile neighbors Indonesia and the Philippines; the former objected by way of Konfrontasi (1963-1967) while the latter laid claim to Sabah (formerly North Borneo). Malaya/ Malaysia was borne in the midst of the Cold War (1947-1991), a bipolar world between the US and the USSR. Malaya/Malaysia is utilized as a case of analysis and evaluation in the context of the twin trends of continuities and transformations in tracing the historical developments from the 1950's to the 1990's. The risks, motives, and challenges that prompted the shift in foreign relations reveal as much of the personality of the political leadership, the prevailing situations, and conditions from within and circumstances from without.

• 수완나부미
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.145-164
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• 2017

In the 21^st century, the growing use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and social media platforms has influenced our way of life, including international diplomacy. With the use of new interactive communication technologies such as WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, video sharing website, blogs, and other social media networks, digital diplomacy has become an active diplomatic mode in modern society and plays an increasing important role in international relations. Although Indonesia has gradually realized the pivotal role of internet diplomacy and recently put it into practice, it is still lagging far behind. This paper will examine how Indonesia conducts its diplomacy in the new era of digital world. How far and in what ways does the Indonesian government make use of digital technology to conduct its diplomacy? What opportunities and challenges are confronted to develop digital diplomacy? How does it navigate diplomacy in the digital age? Unless Indonesia embraces new channels and methods of diplomacy, its foreign policy implementation may not run optimally to support its aim of attaining its objectives in the international stage.

• 수완나부미
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.233-249
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• 2022

Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) is an Islamic social movement that struggles to change the existing political system to the Islamic system. HT argues that all problems in the Muslim world are rooted in adopting secular thought and ideology and the separation between Islam and the state. Hence, HT works to persuade Muslims to abandon that way of life and only apply Islam as the country's only ideology and constitution. HT has spread this narrative since it started in 1953 in Jordan. With this ideological and political attitude, many countries consider HT a threat to their political and community life, suppressing this movement by arresting members and banning the group to reduce or end HT activities in these countries. The Indonesian government has also carried out this repressive policy to limit the influence of Indonesian HTI since 2017. This paper aims to discuss the strategy of Hizb ut-Tahrir to continue its political activities Indonesia after being dissolved by the Indonesian government in 2017. This article used content analysis method to interpret the data collected from interview and documents from Hizb ut-Tahrir. Responding to state repression, HTI sought other methods of action by changing the place of resistance or activities, and by changing its identity.

• 수완나부미
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.161-191
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• 2014

The entry of the logging industry in the once heavily forested riverine middle Agusan Valley where aboriginal Manobos live meant the entry of the material practice of wage labor into this out-of-the-way place. Wage labor converted the once relatively isolated, subsistence animist Manobos into laborers of the expanding capitalist regime. A symptom of modernity, this wage labor also accompanied the coming of Visayan settlers (also loggers paid by wage) who introduced indigenous Manobos the compadrazgo social relationship. This friendly relationship across ethnic identities legitimated social ties and is a social material practice represented in recent bilingual Manobo possession rituals where the Visayan spirit is incarnated along with Manobo spirits. To understand the idea behind spirit embodiment, I explore Manobo ritual as mimesis or poeisis. This representation is shaped by concrete material realities as much as these realities, in turn, are reconfigured by ritual practice. In the older Manobo cosmology, which is based on subsistence economy and dependent on the forest and rivers, individuals have an externalized self (as manifest in the idea of twin soul), in which the inner vital principle is co-extensive with a spirit double in cosmos. Manobos imitate the perceived workings of nature in ritual so as to control them in times of illnesses. In contrast, the mimesis of the Visayan spirit is based on a different political economic set up with its attendant asymmetrical interpersonal relationship. By symbolically representing the Visayan patron as friend, Manobos are able to negotiate the predicament of their subalternity in local modernity.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2008

This paper proposes a way of designing of a global logistics system for "the international cooperative global complementary production system" (ICGCPS) constructed in ASEAN region. ICGCPS is a global production system with several production bases located in a number of countries. In order to assemble the final products and sell them in the domestic market, each production base produces only special kinds of components and parts with the total demand required all the participating countries, and supplies them to the other production bases each other. In the ICGCPS, there are a number of important decision-making problems such as identifying which countries are suitable to produce specified components and parts, and deciding how to transport components and parts between the production bases. In the initial period of this system, each production base focused on its domestic market so that the final products it produced were sold only in the country where the base was located. Recently, some production bases have expanded sales to overseas markets. Taking this fact into account, we propose a production and transportation planning model in this paper that takes into account the export quantity of the final products, formulating it into a mathematical programming problem. Using this, we propose a way for managing the supply chain processes of the ICGCPS in order to improve performance measurements such as the total lead-time, the inventory quantity at the depot and the average rate of loading. A numerical example is presented to clarify the procedure proposed in this paper.

• 수완나부미
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.121-146
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• 2016

Defining key characteristics of Southeast Asia requires historical interpretation. Southeast Asia is a diverse and complicated region, but some of modern history's "grand narratives" serve to unify its historical experience. At a minimum, the modern history of the region involves decisive encounters with universal religions, the rise of Western colonialism, the experience of world wars, decolonization, and the end of the "cycle of violence". The ability of the region's peoples to adapt to these many challenges and successfully build new nations is a defining feature of Southeast Asia's place in the global stage. This paper will begin with a question: is it possible to develop a hermeneutic of "expedience" as a way to interpret the region's history? That is, rather than regard the region from a purely Western, nationalist, "internalist" point of view, it would be useful to identify a new series of interpretative contexts from which to begin scholarly analysis. In order to contextualize this discussion, the paper will draw upon the writings of figures who explored the region before knowledge about it was shaped by purely colonist or nationalist enterprises. To this end, particular attention will be devoted to exploring some of John Furnivall's ways of conceptualizing Southeast Asia. Investigating Furnivall, a critic of colonialism, will be done in relation to his historical situation. Because Furnivall's ideas have played a pivotal role in the interpretation of Southeast Asia, the paper will highlight the intellectual history of the region in order to ascertain the value of these concepts for subsequent historical interpretation. Ultimately, the task of interpreting the region's history requires a framework which will move beyond the essentializing orientalist categories produced by colonial scholarship and the reactionary nation-building narratives which followed. Instead, by beginning with a mode of historical interpretation that focuses on the many realities of expedience which have been necessary for the region's peoples, it may be possible to write a history which highlights the extraordinarily adaptive quality of Southeast Asia's populations, cultures, and nations. To tell this story, which would at once highlight key characteristics of the region while showing how they developed through historical encounters, would go a long way to capturing Southeast Asia's contribution's to global development.

• 수완나부미
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.117-148
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• 2022

The full impact of COVID-19 has yet to be felt: while it may not define the new decade, it is clear that its immediate significance was to test many of the basic operating assumptions and procedures of global civilization. Even as vaccines are developed and utilized and even as it is possible to see the beginning of the end of COVID-19 as a discrete historical event, it remains unclear as to its ultimate importance. That said, it is evident that the academic exploration of Southeast Asia will also be affected by both the global and regional experiences of the pandemic. "Breakthroughs of Area Studies and ASEAN in the Era of Homo Untact" promises to help reconceptualize the study of the region by highlighting the importance of redefined spatial relationships and new potentially depersonalized modes of communication. This paper acknowledges these issues by suggesting that the transformations caused by the pandemic should motivate scholars to raise new questions about how to understand humanity-particularly as it is defined by societies, nations and regions. Given that COVID-19 (and the response to it) has altered many of the fundamental rhythms of globalized regions, there is sufficient warrant for re-examining both the ways in which disease, health and their related spaces affect the perceptions of Southeast Asia. To achieve "breakthroughs" into the investigation of the region, it makes sense to have another glance at the ways in which the discourses about diseases and health may have helped to inscribe definitions of Southeast Asia-or, at the very least, the nations, societies and peoples who live within it. In order to at least consider these larger issues, the discussion will concentrate on a formative moment in the conceptualization of Southeast Asia-British engagement with the region in the late 18^th and early 19^th centuries. To that end three themes will be highlighted: (1) the role that British diplomatic and military narratives played in establishing the information priorities required for the construction of colonial knowledge; (2) the importance not only of "colonial knowledge" but information making in its own right; (3) in anticipation of the use of big data, the manner in which manufactured information (related to space and disease) could function in shaping early British perceptions of Southeast Asia-particularly in Batavia and Java. This discussion will suggest that rather than see social distancing or increased communication as the greatest outcome of COVID-19, instead it will be the use of data-that is, big, aggregated biometric data which have not only shaped responses to the pandemic, but remain likely to produce the reconceptualization of both information and knowledge about the region in a way that will be at least as great as that which took place to meet the needs of the "New Imperialism." Furthermore, the definition and articulation of Southeast Asia has often reflected political and security considerations. Yet, the experience of COVID-19 could prove that data and security are now fused into a set of interests critical to policy-makers. Given that the pandemic should accelerate many existing trends, it might be foreseen these developments will herald the triumph of homo indicina: an epistemic condition whereby the human subject has become a kind of index for its harvestable data. If so, the "breakthroughs" for those who study Southeast Asia will follow in due course.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2010

한·중 양국은 1992년 수교 이래 문화적 공통성과 지리적 인접성 그리고 상호보완적인 경제구조 등을 바탕으로, 정치·경제·사회·문화 등 모든 분야에서 유례를 찾아 볼 수 없는 비약적인 발전을 가져왔다. 특히 중국은 한국의 최대 교역국으로, 그리고 한국은 중국의 제3대 교역국으로 부상하였으며, 2008년에는 전략적 협력 동반자 관계로 격상했다. 현재 국제 통상관계에 있어서 WTO/DDA협상이 난항을 겪고 있는데 반해, FTA는 전 세계적으로 심화와 확대를 거듭하고 있으며, 한·중 양국도 각각 그 어느 나라에 뒤지지 않는 다각적이고 적극적인 FTA 협상을 추진하고 있다. 특히 1997년 금융위기 후 절감한 지역 경제협력의 필요성이 요구됨에 따라 중국은 2005년 아세안과 FTA체결을 시작으로 여러국가에 관심을 표명하였으며, 한국에도 FTA에 추진에 적극적으로 접근하고 있는 상황이다. 지난 5월 28일에는 이명박 대통령과 중국 원자바오 총리와의 회담에서 이에 대한 내용을 언급하였는바, 가까운 시일 내에 본격적인 추진협상이 이루어지리라 예측된다. 이에 중국과 FTA의 본격적인 협상에 대비하여, 한국이 어떤 협상방식을 선택할 것인가에 정책적 제언과 관심이 집중되고 있다. 일부 학자들은 한·중 FTA는 포괄적 협상을 하되, 지속적 논의를 위한 프로토콜을 확정하는 지속형 FTA를 추진해야 한다고 주장하고 있으나 본 연구는 한·중 FTA는 상품무역·서비스·투자분야를 포함하고 협상에서 일괄적으로 타결하는 포괄적 FTA가 되어야한다고 주장한다. 본 연구는 중국의 기 체결된 FTA 협상사례를 통해 중국의 협상방식의 특징을 살펴보고 시사점을 도출하였다. 중국은 현재 아세안, 파키스탄, 칠레 등 개도국과는 단계별 혹은 지속형 FTA 협상방식을 취하고 있으며, 뉴질랜드, 싱가포르 등 선진국과는 일괄타결형 포괄적 FTA 협상방식을 취하고 있다. 중국과의 FTA 협상에 있어서 한국은 농업시장 개방과 국내 이해집단과의 관계 등 쉽지 않은 이슈들이 잔재하고 있으나, 이들은 주로 상품무역 분야에 포진되어 있다. 반면에 중국은 금융·통신 산업이 개방될 경우 중국경제의 전반적인 기반이 위험에 노출하게 되는데, 이들은 주로 서비스무역 분야에 포함되어 있다. 따라서 한국은 협상 범위를 상품무역뿐만 아니라 서비스무역 나아가서 투자 분야까지 넓혀야 이슈간의 교환이 가능해지며, 협상타결의 여지도 충분하리라 판단된다. 즉, 한·중 FTA에 있어서 한국은 뉴질랜드, 싱가포르 사례와 유사한 포괄적이며 협상에서 일괄 타결하는 협상 방식을 채택해야 할 것이다. 이러한 방식으로 인하여 한국은 관세 철폐로 인한 무역 창출효과와 무역 전환효과 나아가 서비스 분야에서 미국, 유럽, 일본 등 선진국에 대비한 중국시장의 선점효과도 기대할 수 있으리라 여겨진다. 또한 한국은 중국과의 FTA 협상의 성공적인 타결을 위하여 중국 국가 차원의 FTA 협상방식에 대한 정책기조를 파악할 필요가 있으며 이를 토대로 한국에 이익을 창출할 수 있는 협상안을 제시해야 할 것이다. 더불어 본격적인 협상이 이루어지기 전인 현 상황에서 중국의 기 체결된 협상 사례에 관한 체계적인 비교분석도 절실히 필요하리라 판단된다.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2018

이 연구는 한국의 동남아연구를 포괄적인 방법으로 검토하고 우리 학계의 당면과제를 새로 설정하고자 하는 목적으로 작성되었다. 이를 위해 한국에서 발간된 모든 학술적 성과(학위 논문, 학술지 논문 및 단행본)를 아우르는 연구 총량 추이 분석을 시도하였다. 본문의 내용은 연구 역사, 연구 축적 경향, 연구자 규모로 나뉜다. 연구 역사는 우리의 인식보다 더 오래되었고 탈중심적이었다. 연구 축적은 점점 더 다원적으로 전개되고 있으며, 전문연구자의 수도 예상보다 많았다. 이렇게 새로이 발견된 한국의 동남아 연구 동향은 우리 학계의 포괄성 증대라는 과제를 제시하고 있다. 양적으로 끊임없이 성장하고, 학문적으로 방대하게 펼쳐지고, 국적도 초월하는 한국의 동남아연구 추이에 비하면, 우리동남아학계는 협소하고 정체되어 있는 것처럼 여겨지기 때문이다. 한국동남아학회가 포괄성을 증대하려면, 분권적이고 자율적인 소규모 연구회들을 개설하고, 동남아 출신 국내 대학원생들을 초대하고, 다양한 학문분야의 접점으로서 대학 거점을 확산시키려는 노력이 필요하다.