• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2012

Objective: To study and compare the effects of different demineralization-inhibition methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) and fracture mode of an adhesive used to bond orthodontic brackets to demineralized enamel surfaces. Methods: Eighty freshly extracted, human maxillary premolars were divided into 4 equal groups and demineralized over the course of 21 days. Brackets were bonded to the demineralized enamel of teeth in Group 1. In Group 2, bonding was performed following resin infiltration ($ICON^{(R)}$, DMG, Hamburg, Germany). Before bonding, pre-treatment with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or solutions containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with 2% neutral sodium fluoride (CPP-ACP/wF) was performed in Groups 3 and 4, respectively. The SBS values of the brackets were measured and recorded following mechanical shearing of the bracket from the tooth surface. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined aft er the brackets failed. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-tests, and G-tests. Results: Significant differences were found in some of the intergroup comparisons of the SBS values (F = 39.287, p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the values for the APF-gel and control groups, whereas significantly higher SBS values were recorded for the resin-infiltrated and CPP-ACP/wF-treated groups. The ARI scores were also significantly different among the 4 groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tooth surfaces exposed to resin infiltration and CPP-ACP/wF application showed higher debonding forces than the untreated, demineralized surfaces.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.364-371
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• 2016

Objective: With the introduction of third-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in dental practice, it is necessary to compare their bracket-bonding effects, safety, and efficacy with those of the second-generation units. Methods: In this study, 80 extracted human premolars were randomly divided into eight groups of 10 samples each. Metal or polycrystalline ceramic brackets were bonded on the teeth using second- or third-generation LED light-curing units (LCUs), according to the manufacturers' instructions. The shear bond strengths were measured using the universal testing machine, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored by assessing the residual resin on the surfaces of debonded teeth using a scanning electron microscope. In addition, curing times were also measured. Results: The shear bond strengths in all experimental groups were higher than the acceptable clinical shear bond strengths, regardless of the curing unit used. In both LED LCU groups, all ceramic bracket groups showed significantly higher shear bond strengths than did the metal bracket groups except the plasma emulation group which showed no significant difference. When comparing units within the same bracket type, no differences in shear bond strength were observed between the second- and third-generation unit groups. Additionally, no significant differences were observed among the groups for the ARI. Conclusions: The bracket-bonding effects and ARIs of second- and third-generation LED LCUs showed few differences, and most were without statistical significance; however, the curing time was shorter for the second-generation unit.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.164-170
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to zirconia surfaces using three different zirconia primers and one silane primer, and subjected to thermocycling. Methods: We designed 10 experimental groups following the surface treatment and thermocycling. The surface was treated with one of the following method: no-primer (NP), Porcelain Conditioner (PC), Z-PRIME Plus (ZP), Monobond Plus (MP) and Zirconia Liner Premium (ZL) (n=20). Then each group was subdivided to non-thermocycled and thermocycled groups (NPT, PC, ZPT, MPT, ZLT) (n=10). Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the specimens using $Transbond^{TM}$ XT Paste and light cured for 15 s at $1,100mW/cm^2$. The SBS was measured at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. The failure mode was assessed by examination with a stereomicroscope and the amount of bonding resin remaining on the zirconia surface was scored using the modified adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results: The SBS of all experimental groups decreased after thermocycling. Before thermocycling, the SBS was ZL, $ZP{\geq}MP{\geq}PC>NP$ but after thermocycling, the SBS was $ZLT{\geq}MPT{\geq}ZPT>PCT=NPT$ (p > 0.05). For the ARI score, both of the groups lacking primer (NP and NPT) displayed adhesive failure modes, but the groups with zirconia primers (ZP, ZPT, MP, MPT, ZL, and ZLT) were associated with mixed failure modes. Conclusions: Surface treatment with a zirconia primer increases the SBS relative to no-primer or silane primer application between orthodontic brackets and zirconia prostheses.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.242-247
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• 2013

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that no difference exists between the effects of at-home bleaching and in-office bleaching on shear bond strength (SBS) with bracket bonding at 4 different time intervals after dental bleaching. Methods: Ninety extracted human premolars were randomly divided into 9 groups (n = 10) according to the bleaching methods used (at-home bleaching and in-office bleaching) and the storage time in artificial saliva (30 min, 1 day, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks before bonding). The control group was stored in artificial saliva for 7 days. Brackets were bonded with the Transbond XT adhesive system, and SBS testing was performed. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was used to assess the amount of resin remaining on the enamel surfaces after debonding. The SBS data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test. For the ARI, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Significance for all statistical tests was predetermined to be p < 0.05. Results: The SBS of the unbleached group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the bleached groups (except for the group bonded 30 min after at-home bleaching). Conclusions: The null hypothesis was not totally rejected. All bleaching groups tested had decreased SBS of the brackets to the enamel, except for the group bonded 30 min after at-home bleaching. The SBS returned to values close to those of the unbleached enamel within 3 weeks following bleaching.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.7
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the shear bond strengths of ceramic brackets bonded to zirconia surfaces using different zirconia primers and universal adhesive. Materials and Methods: Fifty zirconia blocks ($15{\times}15{\times}10mm$, Zpex, Tosoh Corporation) were polished with 1,000 grit sand paper and air-abraded with $50{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ for 10 seconds (40 psi). They were divided into 5 groups: control (CO), Metal/Zirconia primer (MZ, Ivoclar Vivadent), Z-PRIME Plus (ZP, Bisco), Zirconia Liner (ZL, Sun Medical), and Scotchbond Universal adhesive (SU, 3M ESPE). Transbond XT Primer (used for CO, MZ, ZP, and ZL) and Transbond XT Paste was used for bracket bonding (Gemini clear ceramic brackets, 3M Unitek). After 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ storage, specimens underwent 2,000 thermocycles, and then, shear bond strengths were measured (1 mm/min). An adhesive remnant index (ARI) score was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test (p = 0.05). Results: Surface treatment with primers resulted in increased shear bond strength. The SU group showed the highest shear bond strength followed by the ZP, ZL, MZ, and CO groups, in that order. The median ARI scores were as follows: CO = 0, MZ = 0, ZP = 0, ZL = 0, and SU = 3 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Within this experiment, zirconia primer can increase the shear bond strength of bracket bonding. The highest shear bond strength is observed in SU group, even when no primer is used.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.1 s.84
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• pp.137-147
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• 2001

Acidic primer is the bonding agent which combines the conditioning and priming agent into the single solution and was originally developed for the dentin bonding system. It is less harmful to the tooth structure and more convenient to manipulate than the traditional etching procedure. The Purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength of various bonding materials when the enamel is treated with acidic primer for the bracket bonding procedure. Fifty recently extracted human premolars were randomly separated into five groups -Group I using Clearfil Liner Bond 2 adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group II using Transbond XT adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group III using panavia 21 adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group IV using Fuji-Ortho LC adhesive system to the enamel treated with acidic primer, Group V using Transbond XT adhesive system to the enamel treated with 37$\%$ phosphoric acid. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine after storing in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 48 hours. After debonding, the teeth and brackets were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and assessed with the adhesive remnant index (ARI). The results were as follows : 1. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group III ($8.69{\pm}2.72MPa$), group IV (9.7 ± 3.16 MPa), and group V ($10.48{\pm}2.60MPa$) (p>0.05). 2. The shear bond strength of group III and group IV was significantly higher than that of group I ($1.09{\pm}0.53MPa$), and Group II ($2.70{\pm}1.46MPa$) (p<0.05). 3. The ARI of group IV ($2.1{\pm}1.1$) and group V ($2.9{\pm}0.3$) was significantly higher than that of group I ($0.2{\pm}0.4$), group II ($0.3{\pm}0.9$) and group III ($0.2{\pm}0.4$) (p<0.05). 4. There were no significant difference between the ARI of group IV and group V (p>0.05). This result suggests that the combination of acidic primer and some bonding adhesive can provide sufficient shear bond strength for clinical orthodontics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1999

To find the latent effect of paper mill sludges (PMS) with and without alum, and alum paper mill sludge compost(PMSC) on aluminum toxicity of crops, the pH buffer capacity and the acidification resistance index (ARI) for PMSs and PMSC were investigated, comparing to upland soil. Buffer capacities of PMS with and without alum, and PMSC were significantly higher than $2.5cmol^+kg^{-1}$ of check soil as 137, 250, and $147cmol^+kg^{-1}$, respectively. Owing to such high buffer capacity of PMS and PMSC, they showed to be well-resisted to acidification.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.623-630
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• 2017

For any nonzero elements x, y in a normed space X, the angular and skew-angular distance is respectively defined by ${\alpha}[x,y]={\parallel}{\frac{x}{{\parallel}x{\parallel}}}-{\frac{y}{{\parallel}y{\parallel}}}{\parallel}$ and ${\beta}[x,y]={\parallel}{\frac{x}{{\parallel}y{\parallel}}}-{\frac{y}{{\parallel}x{\parallel}}}{\parallel}$. Also inequality ${\alpha}{\leq}{\beta}$ characterizes inner product spaces. Operator version of ${\alpha}$ has been studied by $ Pe{\check{c}}ari{\acute{c}}$, $ Raji{\acute{c}}$, and Saito, Tominaga, and Zou et al. In this paper, we study the operator version of ${\beta}$ by using Douglas' lemma. We also prove that the operator version of inequality ${\alpha}{\leq}{\beta}$ holds for commutating normal operators. Some examples are presented to show essentiality of these conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.279-285
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 나선형과 판형의 핀을 가진 원자력 발전소용 직교류 핀-관 열교환기의 열량을 ARI Standard-410에 따라 실험적으로 측정하여 풍속과 냉수속에 따른 열저항 및 압력 손실을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 하였으며, 이러한 시도를 통해서 실제 열교환기의 성능 평가시 필요한 기술적 자료를 축적하고자 하였다. 실험에서는 나선형 6fin/in, 8fin/1n, 10fin/in 열교환기와 판형 8fin/in 열교환기를 사용하였으며, 풍속을 0.486m/s와 2.214m/s로, 수속을 1m/s～4m/s로 하여 실험을 행하였다. 실험 결과를 통하여, 원자력 발전소의 격납 용기내의 공기조화를 위하여 사용되어 지는 열교환기의 성능 평가 방법 및 실증 능력을 확보하였으며, 풍속 증가에 따라 총괄 열전달 계수는 전체적으로 비례 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 판형이 나선형 보다 열전달 계수가 작게 나타났으며, 나선형 열교환기의 경우 fin수에 따른 변화는 크지 않았으나, 열전달 면적을 고려한 경우에는 나선형 10fin/in 열교환기가 가장 뛰어난 열교환 성능을 발휘함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 공기측의 압력 손실은 전체적으로 전연 풍속 증가에 따라서 속도 제곱에 비례하여 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.703-706
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• 2006

RFID 시스템은 전자태그를 이용한 자동 무선 식별 시스템으로써 RFID 전자 태그를 물체나 사람 또는 동물에게 부착하여 무선 주파수를 통해 태그의 정보를 인식할 수 있도록 해주는 시스템이다. 이는 동시에 다량의 정보를 인식할 수 있다는 장점을 무기로 현재 접촉식 판독 기법의 바코드 시스템을 대처할 수 있을 것이다. 반면 이러한 장점에도 불고하고 RFID 시스템이 사용되는데 걸림돌이 되는 가장 큰 단점은 RFID 태그 정보에 대한 접근이 자유롭다는 점에서 프라이버시 문제를 야기하기 때문이다. 현재 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 그 중 Ari Juels는 두 개의 RFID 태그가 동시에 있다는 것을 증명하기 위한 프로토콜인 yoking proof 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 하지만 이는 재생(replay) 공격이 가능하다는 취약점을 가지고 있으며, 이를 보안하기 위해 제안된 여러 프로토콜 들에서도 역시 재생 공격에 대한 취약점이 발견되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 yoking proof 프로토콜의 취약점을 보안하기 위하여 공격에 대한 복잡도를 높여 공격자로 하여금 재생 공격이 어렵게 하는 프로토콜을 제안한다.