• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1998

Background and Objectives : The managements of unilateral vocal cord palsy include type Ⅰ thyroplasty and arytenoid adduction. One type operation has been shown no satisfactory effect. We evaluated preoperative and postoperative speech of unilateral vocal cord palsy patients who received combined operation of type Ⅰ thyroplasty and arytenoid adduction to help for the management plan of unilateral vocal cord palsy patients. Materials and Methods : We reviewed the postoperative results and complication of 17 surgically treated patients of unilateral vocal cord palsy at Severance hospital from Nov. 1996 to Dec. 1997 retrospectively. They were received combined operation of type Ⅰ thyroplasty and arytenoid adduction. Their pre and post-operative speech were analyzed with MDVP(Multi-Dimension-Voice analysis Program) of CSL(Computerized Speech Lab). Results : After the operation, MPT(Maximal Phonation Time) was increased and MFR(Mean Flow Rate) was decreased in all patients. NHR(Noise to Harmonic Ratio) and VTI(Voice Turbulence Index) were decreased : liner, RAP(Relative Average Perturbation Quotient), PPQ(Pitch Period Perturbation Quotient), sPPQ(smoothed Pitch Period Perturbation Quotient), vFo(fundamental frequency Variation) were decreased : Shimmer, APQ(Amplitude Perturbation Quotient), sAPQ(Smoothed Amplitude Perturbation Qoutient), vAm(Peak Amplitude Variation) were decreased in all the patients. Conclusions : In unilateral vocal cord pals), combined operation of type Ⅰ thyroplasty and arytenoid adduction could obtain satisfactory postoperative voice. MDVP has many parameters and good method for evaluation of voice surgery.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2010

An inhaled salbutamol and salmeterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and asthma have been used worldwidely. But there has been few study about the voice change evoked from the post-medicine effect. To evaluate the voice influenced of short-acting and long-acting ${\beta}_2$-agonists, two experiments were carried out: one was salbutamol experiment 1 with eight patients, the other was salmeterol experiment 2 with six patients. Experiment 1 was made of two stages: premedication & postmedication. Experiment 2 was four stages: stageI was premedication, stageII was postmedication & pregaggling, stageIII was postmedication & postgaggling(100 ml with water), and stageIV was postmedication & 30 minutes later. Measured parameters were F0, F0_SD, Jitter_rap, Shimmer_apq11, HNR, BW(1, 2, 3), Intensity, and H1-H2. The mean data collected from 3 repetitions each was statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test for experiment 1 and repeated measures ANOVA for experiment 2. In experiment 1, significant differences were found in the Jitter_rap(Z= -2.10, p=0.036). The findings indicated that the postmedicated voice was worse than premedicated voice. In experiment 2, there wasn't significant difference, but values of parameters related to voice quality(Jitter_rap, Shimmer_apq11, HNR, and H1-H2) showed changes toward stageⅣ, that is, the voice quality was worse under medication.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.147-154
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• 2018

Wet voice quality (WVQ) is a characteristic that appears after swallowing. Although the concept is accepted by many clinicians worldwide, it is nevertheless ambiguous. In this study, we investigated WVQ in patients with swallowing disorders using acoustic analysis. A total of 106 patients diagnosed with penetration-aspiration by the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were recruited. A voice recording of vowel /a/ was conducted before and after the VFSS, and an acoustic analysis was then performed using PRAAT. Voice after VFSS was used for a perceptual judgment and divided into two groups: the Wet group (48 patients) and the Non-wet group (58 patients). At the post-VFSS stage, the two groups displayed significant differences in many acoustic parameters including F0_SD, Jitter, RAP, Shimmer, APQ, HNR, NHR, FUF, DVB, and CPP. The parameter affecting judging wetness resulted into Jitter and NHR by the logistic regression test. At the pre-VFSS stage, the two groups differed significantly in many acoustic parameters including Intensity, Jitter, RAP, Shimmer, NHR, FUF, DVB, and CPP. Both pre-and post-VFSS, the mean values of all significant parameters, except Intensity, HNR, and CPP, were higher in the Wet group. According to pre-and post-VFSS, the two groups displayed interactions in many parameters (Intensity, F0_SD, Jitter, RAP, Shimmer, APQ, HNR, NHR, FUF, DVB, and CPP). In particular, Intensity increased in both groups after the VFSS, although the increase in the Non-wet group was greater. Based on these results, it was conjectured that the WVQ after swallowing resulted from the secretion effect of the mucous membrane due to the dry laryngeal characteristic of elderly patients, rather than aspiration resulting in food on the vocal cords.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.396-404
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• 2011

An investigation on the removals of PAH-quinone compounds, which are commonly produced from the biological and/or chemical treatments of PAH-contaminated soils, from the aqueous phase via birnessite (${\delta}-MnO_2$)-mediated oxidative transformation is described. It was demonstrated that acenaphthenequinone (APQ), p-PAH quinone can be removed via birnessite-mediated oxidative-coupling reactions, and anthraquinone (AQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NPQ), o-PAH quinones were efficiently removed by birnessite-mediated cross-coupling reactions in the presence of catechol (CAT) as a reactive mediator. The removals of PAH-quinone compounds followed pseudo-first-order reactions, and the rate constant (k, $hr^{-1}$) for the removals of 1,4-NPQ under the experiment conditions (1,4-NPQ = 10 mg/L, CAT = 50 mg/L, ${\delta}-MnO_2$ = 1.0 g/L, pH 5, Reaction time = 6~96 hr) was 0.0426, which was about 4 times lower than that of APQ (0.173). With the observed pseudo-first order rate constants with respect to birnessite loadings under the same experimental conditions, the surface-normalized specific rate constant, $K_{surf}$, for 1,4-NPQ was determined to be $8.5{\times}10^{-4}L/m^2{\cdot}hr$. The analysis of the kinetic data with respect to birnessite loading indicated that the cross-coupling reactions of 1,4-NPQ consist of two different reaction steps over time and the results have also been discussed in terms of the reaction mechanisms.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.151-162
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• 2007

This study focuses on the classification of pathological voice using GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) and compares the results to the previous work which was done by ANN (Artificial Neural Network). Speech data from normal people and patients were collected, then diagnosed and classified into two different categories. Six characteristic parameters (Jitter, Shimmer, NHR, SPI, APQ and RAP) were chosen. Then the classification method based on the artificial neural network and Gaussian mixture method was employed to discriminate the data into normal and pathological speech. The GMM method attained 98.4% average correct classification rate with training data and 95.2% average correct classification rate with test data. The different mixture number (3 to 15) of GMM was used in order to obtain an optimal condition for classification. We also compared the average classification rate based on GMM, ANN and HMM. The proper number of mixtures on Gaussian model needs to be investigated in our future work.

• 한국항공운항학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.148-153
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• 2015

최근 발생한 국적항공기의 사고들은 항공기가 정상인 상태에서 조종사의 항공기 시스템에 대한 이해부족과 악 기상에 대한 대처미흡과 함께 운송용 조종사들의 수동착륙 기량이 현저하게 낮은 데에 그 원인을 찾을 수가 있다. 본 연구에서는 운송용 항공기 조종사들에 적용된 훈련프로그램의 실태와 이를 개선하기 위한 국제기구 및 항공선진국의 조치에 대한 문헌 연구와 함께 문제점을 분석하고 그 대안을 제시 하고자 한다. 항공사고 예방에 모의비행장치를 활용한 조종사 교육훈련이 큰 기여를 해온 것은 사실이다. 그러나 다양한 비정상 조건하에서 조종사들의 기량을 확인하기에 적합한 고가의 모의비행장치를 평이한 훈련과목, 환경이 우수한 특급 공항을 선택하여 운영한다는 것은 모의비행훈련의 기본 목적에 부합하지 않으므로 앞으로 조종사들의 기량향상을 위해서는 최악의 상황을 부여하고 안전하게 항공기를 운영하는 역량을 교육하고 평가할 필요가 있다. 또한 데이터에 기반을 둔 조종사 훈련프로그램인 APQ 및 EBT 의 조기 도입을 항공사와 정부가 협력하여 추진할 경우 국적항공사 소속 운송용 조종사들에게 비정밀 접근, 수동착륙 환경에서도 자신감 있게 항공기를 운영할 수 있는 경쟁력을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.64-74
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• 2006

1. Objectives and Methods A Study on the Characteristics of the Korean Adult Male Sound according to Sasang Constitution using PSSC with a Sentence. Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) is the one of the traditional Korean Medicine. It classifies people into four categories like Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin and Soeumin. The rule to classify is Appearance and Body Shape, Facial Appearance and Speech, Character and Talents and Diseases and Medications. This study was done to investigate the relationships between Voice and Sound parameters using PSSC(Phonetic System of Sasang Constitution) in a sentence. Experimental Participants were 195 Korean adult males including 1 Taeyangin, 37 Soyangin, 105 Taeumin and 52 Soeumin. Sasang Constitutional specialist used PSSC and Korean Medical Diagnosis to classify participants into four constitution. 2. Results In Pitch segment, Soyangin's Center freq.(4) was significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Taeumin groups. Soyangin's and Soeumin's Center freq.(6) was significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Taeumin groups. In APQ segment and Octave segment, there were no significant differences among four groups. In Shimmer segment, Taeumin's F Shimmer(1) and F Shimmer(2) were significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Soyangin groups. In Energy segment, Taeyangin's 2k-4k total sum, 2k-4k dev., C dev., C# dev. and D S.D. were significantly high compared with other groups. In Recording time segment, there was no significant difference among four groups. More Taeyangin cases and the other parameters are needed to determine constitution using PSSC and to make PSSC effective. 3. Conclusions From above result, there is the possibility of efficiency standard guide for constitution diagnosis by analyzation og voice.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.73-83
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• 2020

Measured values may differ between Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP), Praat, and Time-Frequency Analysis software (TF32), all of which are widely used in voice quality analysis, due to differences in the algorithms used in each analyzer. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the values of parameters of normal voice measured with each analyzer. After tokens of the vowel sound /a/ were collected from 35 normal adult subjects (19 male and 16 female), they were analyzed with MDVP, Praat, and TF32. The mean values obtained from Praat for jitter variables (J local, J abs, J rap, and J ppq), shimmer variables (S local, S dB, and S apq), and noise-to-harmonics ratio (NHR) were significantly lower than those from MDVP in both males and females (p<.01). The mean values of J local, J abs, and S local were significantly lower in the order MDVP, Praat, and TF32 in both genders. In conclusion, the measured values differed across voice analyzers due to the differences in the algorithms each analyzer uses. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to analyze pathologic voice after understanding the normal criteria used by each analyzer when they use a voice analyzer in clinical practice.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2005

1. Objectives The purpose of this study lies on the objectification of the Sasang Constitutional diagnosis. This study was analyzing the constitutional characteristic of adult men voices by PSSC-2004. 2. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 231 adult men voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 231 was composed with 5 Taeyangins, 32 Soyangins, 102 Taeumins and 92 Soeumins. The under 55 years old group was composed with 4 Taeyangins, 23 Soyangins, 83 Taeumins and 77 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 1 Taeyangin, 9 Soyangins, 19 Taeumins and 15 Soeumins. 3. Results 1) In total group, the Soeumin's mean value of center pitch(4)$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.034). 2) In total group, the Soeumin's group 3 APQ was significantly low compared with the others (P=0.042). 3) In under 55 year-old group, the Soeumin's center value of center pitch 4$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.025) 4) In over 55 year-old group, no statistical significance was found between the Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin and Soeumin. 4. Conclusions In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's voice showed high pitched sound (clearness) at the low frequency (1000-2000Hz). In over 55 year-old group, there is no significant differences. This fits in with that 'Soeumin's voice is 'Yu-tone' born by 'Shang-tone', very short and high.' 'Yu-tone' corresponds to 'Ra' and witch is highest among Gong, Shang, Gao, Chi and Yu. This is related with the appearance that the Soeumin's voice is weak, thin and high tone. Therefore it is supposed that Soeumin adult men's voices are thick, and there are vibrations of the ending. It is accepted one of the Soeumin's characters like as a mild tremor of limbs and deep breath caused by Soeumin's Qi-deficiency. This outcome accords with the theory that Soeumin's Qi is less than the Other constitutions.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.107-119
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• 2008

This paper intends to investigate the correlation of 12 MDVP measurements with age, sex and body-size of sampled healthy patients. In order to extract pitch and 12 MDVP parameters efficiently and display the correlation of each parameter easily, we developed the speech analysis program using C/C++ and MFC development tool. The sample group consists of 205 males and 343 females with ages 9-81. We collected vowel voices /a/ and 8 body-size measurements from them. Body-size values were taken at 8 different torso positions of each person. We analyzed the matched voice samples and body-size measurements by the developed speech analysis program and SPSS program. The result shows that a typical characteristic age-F0 pattern that F0 of male subjects are rapidly decreased after mutational period and have stable state with age and that of female subjects are slowly changed by overall age. In MDVP, age-STD in males, age-sPPQ in females relationships are especially similar to the age-F0 relationship. In case of male group, sPPQ(0.316%), Jitt(0.04%), Shim(0.25%), APQ(0.28%) variables are increased with age after mutational period. And Jitt(0.042%), sPPQ(0.219%) of females group are increased with age too. In cases of height, weight and BMI there exists a weak correlation with MDVP, which shows a correlation coefficient below 0.25 about male and female groups. The survey of correlation relationship between 8 body-size measurements and MDVP shows a insignificant statistical result by only just having the correlation coefficient maximum in M8-8 and F0(-0.394%) for males and M8-6,7(-0.368%, -0.364%) for females.