• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1495-1505
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• 2023

The western honeybee Apis mellifera L., a vital crop pollinator and producer of honey and royal jelly, faces numerous threats including diseases, chemicals, and mite infestations, causing widespread concern. While extensive research has explored the link between gut microbiota and their hosts. However, the impact of Varroa destructor infestation remains understudied. In this study, we employed massive parallel amplicon sequencing assays to examine the diversity and structure of gut microbial communities in adult bee groups, comparing healthy (NG) and Varroa-infested (VG) samples. Additionally, we analyzed Varroa-infested hives to assess the whole body of larvae. Our results indicated a notable prevalence of the genus Bombella in larvae and the genera Gillamella, unidentified Lactobacillaceae, and Snodgrassella in adult bees. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between NG and VG. Furthermore, our PICRUSt analysis demonstrated distinct KEGG classification patterns between larval and adult bee groups, with larvae displaying a higher abundance of genes involved in cofactor and vitamin production. Notably, despite the complex nature of the honeybee bacterial community, methanogens were found to be present in low abundance in the honeybee microbiota.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2020

The European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) has multiple anti-microbial peptides, but many were unknown and demands for their characterization have increased. This study therefore focused on identifying novel anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) from A. mellifera L. To obtain high-throughput transcriptome data of the honeybee, we implemented next-generation sequencing (NGS), isolating novel AMPs from total RNA, and generated 15,314 peptide sequences, including 44 known, using Illumina HiSeq 2500 technology. The uncharacterized peptides were identified based on specific features of possible AMPs predicted in the sequencing analysis. AMP5, one such uncharacterized peptide, was expressed in the epidermis, body fat, and venom gland of the honeybee. We chemically synthesized this peptide and tested its anti-bacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (KACC 10005) and Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis (KACC 10168) by anti-microbial assay. AMP5 exhibited anti-bacterial activity against E. coli (MIC50=22.04±0.66 μM) but not against B. thuringiensis. When worker bees were injected with E. coli, AMP5 was up-regulated in the body fat. This study therefore identified AMP5 in adult European honeybees and confirmed its anti-bacterial activity against Gram-negative E. coli.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 2021

This study aimed to analyze the content and composition of a biological amine, cadaverine, isolated from the venom of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). This biological amine―which has diverse functionality, such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects―has not been previously reported in bee venom. An assay completed in 13 minutes was developed for the cadaverine present in the bee venom using an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph and a Halo C18 column with acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase. The specificity, accuracy, and precision of the assay were verified, and the assay was validated. The linearity for cadaverine in the bee venom was R2=0.99 or above, indicating a moderate level. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were both 0.3 ㎍/ml, and the rate of recovery was 97.6%-99.1%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the intra-day precision and inter-day precision for cadaverine was 0.25%-0.44% and 0.25%-1.25%, respectively, with an RSD that fell within 5% indicating excellent precision. Through this novel assay, it was found that the mean content of cadaverine was 1.10±0.05 mg/g. Our results indicated that the linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and rate of recovery of the cadaverine assay were of a satisfactory level, and the cadaverine content of the bee venom was ably determined. This study provides basic data on cadaverine in bee venom, which will prove useful in further studies on the bioactivity of this component.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2020

Bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom is used for the treatment of various human diseases due to its known anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. This study investigated the effect of purified bee venom (PBV) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. There was no cytotoxicity while cells were treated with PBV by various concentrations. In the PBV treated cells increases in fat storage were inhibited and also confirmed by oil red o staining. To understand the underlying mechanism at the molecular level were examined on the expression of the genes involved in adipogenesis by using real-time PCR. In this cell model, the mRNA level of adipogenic genes such as peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) and CAAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha(C/EBPα) were decreased by PAE treatment, comparing with those of control group. Theses results suggest that PBV inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and can be used as an efficient natural substance to manage anti-obesity.

• The Zoological Society Korea : Newsletter
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.91.1-91
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• 1995

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1995.10b
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• pp.217.1-217
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• 1995

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.139-142
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• 2009

The histological and transmission electron microscopic studies revealed the synthesis activity predominantly in the hypopharyngeal glands of the nurse bees. The biochemical analysis of both, the hypopharyngeal gland extract and royal jelly elucidated unequivocally the proteins and lipids as the major constituents. Further the SDS-PAGE of hypopharyngeal gland extract showed about 17 protein bands, perhaps 14.10, 20.00, 29.00 and 43.00 kDa predominantly while that of royal jelly revealed only two protein bands of 29.00 and 43.00 kDa molecular weight suggesting them as the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP). The lipid profile of royal jelly consists of triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL.

• Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.114-128
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• 2006

Recently MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) has started a new standardization activity called MPEG Multimedia Middleware (M3W). The M3W supports multimedia applications Independent of hardware and software such as operating systems so that the portability and interoperability of multimedia applications are greatly improved. In doing so, the M3W adopts the concept of a service-based middleware. The M3W standardizes a set of multimedia Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and their implementations can be pro vided by third parties In the form of services. In this paper, we introduce the usage of XML metadata in describing the standard multimedia APIs and third party's services and also we explain the role of the XML Schema within the M3W in providing transparent access from application to the M3W services.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.453-456
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• 2007

Mashups are new type of interactive web applications, combining content from multiple services or sources at run time. The www is currently experiencing a revolutionary growth due to its increasing participative community software applications. One of the interesting aspects of the Web 2.0 evolution is the wide-availability of various Web applications as APIs or Web services. These APIs expose informational services on the Web and take many forms of remote invocation of functions using standard Web protocols and XML for data representations. The paper describes mashups from a number of angles, highlighting current developments while providing sufficient illustrations to indicate its potential implications.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.10c
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• pp.443-445
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• 2006

In this paper, we present a model-driven approach to RTOS(Real Time Operating System)-based embedded software development and an automated tool that can produce RTOS-specific code. we defined generic RTOS APIs(Application Programming Interface) that are not bound to any specific RTOS but can provide most of typical RTOS services. The generic RTOS APIs can be used as a means for describing application's RTOS-related behavior from design stage. Out tool, called Trans-PI, is able to produce specific 'C' code aimed at POSIX(Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX)-complicant RTOSs. And it is also configurable to target other RTOSs that do not conform to the POSIX standard.