• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.479-488
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• 2022

Objective : The surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) caused by petrous apex meningioma (PAM) is still a challenge because of the lesion's deep location and the surrounding complex structures. The authors describe the intradural anterior transpetrosal approach (ATPA) and its effect on the treatment of TN secondary to PAM. Methods : A retrospective analysis of 15 patients with TN secondary to PAM who underwent surgery via the intradural ATPA was conducted. The key techniques, which included drilling off the petrosal apex (PA) and opening the upper wall of Meckel's cave (MC), are described in detail. Results : Total removal of the tumor and complete pain relief (Barrow Neurological Institute I) were achieved in all 15 patients without significant morbidity. Five patients developed new facial numbness postoperatively, which disappeared within three months after surgery. The postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed temporal lobe swelling in three patients, but no clinical symptoms. One patient had cerebrospinal fluid leakage and was managed with bed rest and temporary lumbar drainage. One patient had an intracranial infection and was treated with antibiotics. By the last follow up, no patients had pain relapse or/and tumor recurrence. It is worth noting that the vascular compression at the root of the trigeminal nerve was found in one patient during the operation. Conclusion : Our experience suggests that drilling off the PA and opening the upper wall of the MC are key elements for a good outcome of the treatment of TN secondary to PAM. The intradural ATPA has the advantages for both tumor resection and pain relief.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.289-308
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• 1988

The center of resistance is a important determining factor of tooth movement pattern. Laser speckle interferometry, recently developed for noninvasive measurement of small displacements (microns), was used to detect the center of resistance of a maxillary canine which has normal tooth axis and distal curved root in dry human skull. Laser holographic interferometry was used to verify the results of laser speckle interferometry The following result were obtained; 1. In measurement of the degree of rotation, center of resistance was localized when the traction line passed 4.4/18.0 level from alveola crest to root apex. 2. In measurement of the degree of tipping, center of resistance was localized when the traction line passed 4.6/18.0 level from alveola crest to root apex. 3. In holographic determination, the center of resistance was observed when the traction line passed between 3mm to 6mm level from alveola crest to root apex, therefore the results using laser speckle interferometry was coincided with holographic results.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.438-441
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to assess the possibility of rapid multiplication of Curcuma longa Linne through in vitro culture of shoot-apex. The factor investigated was effect of various growth regulators on shoot-apex culture. The shoot-apex cultured of MS(Murashige and Skoog) medium developed into plantlet in 16 Weeks. M.S. medium containing NAA at 0.5 ppm and BA 5.0 ppm was found to be optimal for growth of in vitro plantlet

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1994

Direct current (DC) applied to cotyledons during a 16 h inductive dark period inhibited the flowering in the short-day plant, Pharbitis nil Choisy cv. Violet. The inhibitory effect of DC was more profound when the current flowed from roots to cotyledons, showing its polarity-dependent action. The second half on the inductive dark period was more sensitive to DC stimulus. The flowering was significantly depressed only when DC stimuli were applied to the translocation path of the floral stimulus from the induced cotyledon to the apex, suggesting that the transport of floral stimulus was damaged by the DC treatment. The vegetative apex culture bioassay system showed that a significant level of the floral stimulus activity existed in the phloem exudate from the cotyledons which would fail to form their own floral buds. These results strongly support the hypothesis that DC partially impede, at least temporarily, the transmission path of the floral stimulus from florally-induced cotyledon to the apex, rather than depressing in situ synthesis of the floral stimulus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1993

Basidia of Entoloma squamiferrum are developed from hymenium layer of cartor-shaped parabasidium. Apex of basidium is flat or depressed in the center. Although four sterigmata are developed, only two sterigmata are symmetrically swollen to two spores im certain basidia. It means that two sterigmata among four sterigmata are imfertil. A spore is formed by inflation of the apex of the sterigma. The apex of the sterigma is swollen into a paillaform and then turned into a penisform. It is swollen from a clubform into a globefrom. Six spots of the surfaces of globose spore are depressed with hilum axes. Finally the spore is cuboid, and then it is released from hilum.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 1972

The author measured the distance from mental foramen to the occusal plane and classified the positional frequency of mental foramen to the tooth site using topography. The results were obtained as follow; 1. Of 964 mental foramen taken, the common site was in 2nd premolar region showing 64.08 per cent in right and 57.17 per cent in left site. 2. The average distance from occlusal plane to the upper border of premolar region was 23.20㎜. and lower border was 25.07㎜. 3. The positional variation of mental foramen was 4.77 per cent were located above the apex of the nearest tooth, and 50.42 per cent were located at the apex of the nearest tooth and 44.81 per cent were located below the apex of the nearest tooth.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.1475-1479
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• 2004

High dimensional data requires efficient feature extraction techliques. Though PCA(Principal Component Analysis) is a famous feature extraction method it requires huge memory space and computational cost is high. In this paper we use incremental PCA for feature extraction on high dimensional data. Through experiment we show that proposed method is superior to APEX model.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 1988

The molecular interaction of $Mo_2(OR)_4({\mu}-OR)_2$$ unit has been studied for carbonyl and acetylene ligands by means of extended Huckel calculations. We have extended the extended Hckel calculations to unknown apex bridged $Mo_2(OR)_6({\mu}-X)$ complexes (X = $SO_2$H, and Cl) in order to compare the stability of the complexes. In the $C_2H_2$and H apex bridged complexes, one finds a relatively small HOMO-LUMO gap. However, both complexes are stabilized due to Jahn-Teller distortion. The stability of both complexes is comparable to that of $Mo_2(OR)_6(CO)$ complex. The comparisons and predictions in the stability of known and unknown complexes are the subject of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.4 no.S1
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• pp.108-112
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• 1995

Copper and aluminum selective deposition using (hfac)Cu(VTMS) and DMEAA precursors were performed in a warm-wall low pressure chemical vapour deposition reactor. The films of Cu and AI deposited on Corning 7059 glass and quartz with pattern of Cr seed metal. Selective deposition can be achieved at a pressure range of from 10-1 to 10 torr and substrate temperature range of 150-25$0^{\circ}C$. Selective deposition of Cu and AI by CVD is one of candidate for gate material formation fo larger area and high resolution plat panel displays.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.255-264
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• 1996

This studies were carried out to identify the characteristics of the tongue of Korean native goat(Capra hircus) by macroscopy, microscopy and scanning microscopy. Korean native goat had torus linguae, median lingual sulcus, lingual fossa and ventral median fissure but did not have glossoepiglottic fold and terminal sulcus in the tongue. The whole length of tongue was $11.51{\pm}0.76cm$. The length of tongue apex, tongue body, tongue root and the torus linguae were $2.62{\pm}0.28$, $7.39{\pm}0.27$, $1.56{\pm}0.26$ and $6.37{\pm}0.29cm$, respectively. The width of tongue apex, torus linguae and tongue root were $3.41{\pm}0.24$, $3.74{\pm}0.29$ and $3.68{\pm}0.11$, respectively. The thickness of tongue apex was $1.60{\pm}0.10$, and the height of torus linguae was $1.52{\pm}0.15cm$. Filiform papillae were present at the tongue apex and the tongue body rostral to torus linguae. Fungiform papillae were scattered from tongue apex to rostral portion of torus linguae, being in abundance at the tongue apex. Vallate papillae were showed at the lateral portion of torus linguae, while lentiform papillae were present at its central portion. Conical papillae were located between vallate and lentiform papillae. The numbers of filiform, fungiform, conical, vallate and lentiform papillae were $46,980{\pm}1070.98$, $446.8{\pm}36.97$, $818.4{\pm}43.99$, $34.8{\pm}2.77$, and $255.6{\pm}39.30$, respectively. The average numbers of taste bud were $8.3{\pm}2.04$ in a fungiform papilla and $247.3{\pm}37.44$ in a vallate papilla. The filiform papilla had secondary and tertiary papillae. The height of filiform papilla was about $150{\mu}m$ and the diameter was $100{\mu}m$. The diameters of fungiform papillae were 350 to $550{\mu}m$. The long and short diameters of maximum-sized lentiform papilla were 4000 and $3000{\mu}m$, respectively, while those of minimum-sized papilla were 700 and $600{\mu}m$, respectively. The height of conical papillae was 450 to $600{\mu}m$ and diameter was 250 to $450{\mu}m$. The vallate papilla was round or oval in shape and its diameter was 500 to $850{\mu}m$. It had well-developed papillary groove around itself. The modified conical papillae were not observed in the tongue of Korean native goat.