• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 2003

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding Aspergillus oryzae(AO) ferment on performance, intestinal microflora, serum components, ammonia generation and litter dampness in broiler chicks. In experiment I, three hundred sixty, one day old broiler chicks, Abor Acres, were fed 0 and 0.1% of Aspergiilus oryzae short conidia ferment(AOS) and 0.1% of Aspergillus oryzae long conidia ferment(AOL) for five weeks. In experiment II, three hundred sixty, one day old broiler chicks, Abor Acres were fed 0, 0.1 and 0.2% of Aspergillus oryzae long conidia ferment(AOL) for five weeks. In experiment I, growth rates were not statistically different among dietary treatments. AOS and AOL showed increased tendency in weight gain and feed intake compared to those of control, whereas feed conversion was not different. Litter dampness of AOS and AOL was also tended to decrease compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Fecal ammonia gas generation was decreased in feeding AOS and AOL, and maintained 1/2 to 3/4 compared to the control. In serum metabolites, AOS and AOL increased glucose and calcium, and decreased total protein, blood urea nitrogen and total cholesterol. In experiment II, body weight of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% AOL were heavier than the control(P<0.05). Feed intake of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% AOL also were higher than the none, but feed conversion ratio was not different among treatments. Ileal and cecal microflora showed increased tendency in lactic acid bacteria compared to those of the control. Salmonella and E. coli were decreased in ileum of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% AOL. In conclusion, feeding AO ferment increased growth performance and improved intestinal microflora of broiler chicks and environments of broiler house.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2005

Two experiments were carried out to assess the appropriate incubation conditions namely; duration, moisture content and the ideal microbial inoculant for fermented dried food waste(EW) offered to broilers. The nutrient utilization of birds fed the FW diets at varying dietary inclusion rates was also compared with a control diet. In Experiment 1, different moisture contents(MC) of 30, 40, 50 and $60\%$ respectively were predetermined to establish the ideal duration of incubation and the microbial inoculant. A 1mL Aspergillus oryzae(AO) $(1.33\times10^5\;CFU/mL)$ was used as the seed inoculant in FW. This results indicated that the ideal MC for incubation was $40\~50\%$ while the normal incubation time was > 72 hours. Consequently, AO seeds at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00mL were inoculated in FW to determine its effect on AO count. The comparative AO count of FW incubated for 12 and 96 hours, respectively showed no significant differences among varying inoculant dosage rates. The FW inoculated with lower AO seeds at 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01mL were likewise incubated for 72 and 96 hours, respectively and no changes in AO count was detected(p<0.05). The above findings indicated that the incubation requirements for FW should be $%40\~50\%$ for 72 hours with an AO seed incoulant dosage rate of 0.10mL. Consequently, in Experiment II, after determining the appropriate processing condition for the FW, 20 five-week old male Hubbard strain were used in a digestibility experiment. The birds were divided into 4 groups with 5 pens(1 bird per pen). The dietary treatments were; Treatment 1 : Control(Basal diet), Treatment 2 : $60\%$ Basal+4$40\%$ FW, Treatment 3 : $60\%$ $Basal+20\%\;FW+20\%$ AFW(Aspergillus oryzae inoculate dried food-waste diet) and Treatment 4: $60\%$ Basal+$40\%$ Am. Digestibility of treatment 2 was lowed on common nutrients and amino acids compared with control(p<0.05) and on crude fat and phosphorus compared with AFW treatments(T3, T4)(plt;0.05). Digestibility of treatment 3 and 4 increased on crude fiber and crude ash compared treatment 2 (p<0.05). Digestibility of control was high on agrinine, leucine, and phenylalnine of essential amino acids compared with treatment 3 and 4(p<0.05), and diestibility of treatment 3 and 4 was improved on arginine, lysine, and threonine of essential amino acids. Finally, despite comparable nutrient utilization among treatments, birds fed the dietary treatment containing AO tended to superior nutrient digestion to those fed the $60\%$ Basa1+$40\%$ FW.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of dried food-waste diets(FW) fermented by Aspergillus oryzae(AO), on broiler growth performance, $NH_3$, emission and fecal microflora. Three hundreds broilers, two week old Hubbard strain, were randomly allotted to 4 experiments and fed with standards early boiler diet replaced with FW and AFW. In experiment 1, eighty four broilers were distributed into 7 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen). The dietary treatments ; T1 was com-soy bean meal based broiler diet(Control), T2, T3, T4 were for basal diet replaced with dried food waste without AO(FW) at the level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively and T5, T6 and T7 followed the same levels for the basal diet but using Aspergillus oryzae inoculate food-waste(AFW). For experiments 2, 3, 4, seventy two broilers were distributed into 6 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen), respectively. The dietary treatments were the com-soy bean meal based broiler diet replacement with different combinations of FW and AFW, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1. at level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively. In Exp. 1, it tended to be decreased in weight gain, however, there were no statistical differences among treatments except FW $60\%$ level of replacement(p<0.05). Feed intake and feed efficiency was not different among treatments. Total bacterial counts were not different between the control and FW diet, but E. coli decreased as the AFW levels of replacement were increased(p<0.05). There were no differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency among treatments in Exp. 2 and weight gains were lower fur FW diet compared with the control and AFW diet in Exp. 3(p<0.05). In Exp. 4, there were no differences in feed intakes among treatments, but lower in weight gain and feed efficiency in FW diet than that the control. In experiment 3, the $NH_3$ emission was the highest among treatments in FW/AFW 1:0 diet(p<0.05). From these results, it seems that FW would be supplemented up to $20\%$ in broiler diets and AO culture extract could improve FW value as feed supplements.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of dried food-waste diets (FW) fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (AEW), on egg Production and egg qualify in laying hens. One hundred sixty eight laying hens, 50 week old, ISA-Brown wtrain were randomly distributed into 7 treatments with 3 relpicates of 8 birds per replicate and fed with standards laying hen diet replaced with FW and AFW at die=rent level Basal Diet, 25, 10, $75\%$, respectively. There was a significant decrease in feed intake for FW $50\%$ diet and egg Production was statistically lower in all W diet treatments(p<0.05). Water consumption was increased as the replacement increased. Egg weight, egg shell thickness and strength were similar among treatments. However, egg yolk color and Haugh unit showed distinct differences when W were added to their diets(p<0.05). No difference was observed in egg yolk cholesterol. It seems that FW diet could decrease the egg Production, but would be able to improve egg Quality. From this results, AO seemed applicable to laying hen diet as supplements.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.5 s.116
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• pp.527-544
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• 2006

This study provides a definition of heat waves, which indicate the conditions of strong sultriness in summer, appropriate to Korea and intends to clarify long term(1973-2006) averaged spatial and temporal patterns of annual frequency of heat waves with respect to their intensity. Based on examination of the Korean mortality rate changes due to increase of apparent temperature under hot and humid summer conditions, three consecutive days with at least $32.5^{\circ}C,\;35.5^{\circ}C,\;38.5^{\circ}C,\;and\;41.5^{\circ}C$ of daily maximum Heat Index are defined as the Hot Spell(HS), the Heat Wave(HW), the Strong Heat Wave(SHW), and the Extreme Heat Wave(EHW), respectively. The annual frequency of all categories of heat waves is relatively low in high-elevated regions or on islands adjacent to seas. In contrast, the maximum annual frequency of heat waves during the study period as well as annual average frequency are highest in interior, low-elevated regions along major rivers in South Korea, particularly during the Changma Break period(between late July and mid-August). There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in the annual total frequency of all categories of heat waves for the study period However, the maximum annual frequencies of HS days at each weather station were recorded mainly in the 1970s, while most of maximum frequency records of both the HW and the SHW at individual weather stations were observed in the 1990s. It is also revealed that when heat waves occur in South Korea high humidity as well as high temperature contributes to increasing the heat wave intensity by $4.3-9.5^{\circ}C$. These results provide a useful basis to help develop a heat wave warning system appropriate to Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

Feeding probiotics in broiler chicks still critical in several aspects. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of feeding multiple probiotics on performance, intestinal microflora, blood cholesterol and ND antibody vaccine titer in broiler chicks. Three hundred twenty one day old male broiler chicks(cobb ${\times}$ cobb) were divided into four levels of multiple probiotics(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3%) with five replicates for 35 days. Basal diets contained 21.5, 19.0% CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME for starting and finishing period, respectively. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured weekly. The number of Salmonella, E. coli, Lactobacillus, and yeast were examined from ileum and cecum at the end of experiment. ND vaccine titer, cholesterol were detected from sera. Weight gain of birds fed probiotics were 669.33, 679.75 at the level of 0.1 and 0.2% supplemental groups for starting period. It was also improved in those treatments for finishing period and higher than control for total period. Feed conversion tended to be improved compared to that of control by the supplementation of probiotics for the first three weeks and seemed to show the similar tendency for the rest of two weeks. It was 1.611, 1.621 for the entire feeding period and improved compared with control. Total salmonella, was not decreased in ileal digesta of birds fed the probiotics compared with control, whereas the number of yeast increased in 0.1% treatment. However, the number of Lactobacillus and yeast in cecum was higher than control. Even though the blood cholesterol seem to high in 0.1% probiotics treatment, the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol showed higher than control. ND vaccine titer of birds fed probiotics were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). These results 0.1% multiple probiotics would be possible to improve the performance of broiler chicks and ND vaccine titer.