• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.53 no.6
• /
• pp.321-327
• /
• 2009

Licochalcone A is a chalcone isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflate. In this study, we examined the effects of licochalonce A on the production of cytokines in LPS-activated macrophages. Licochalcone A inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$. The reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is related to the differences in the mRNA expression of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$. Moreover, licochalcone A inhibited the mRNA expression of IL-12p40, IL-18, and IL-23p19. To investigate its mechanism, we performed gel shift assay. Licochalcone A reduced nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that licochalcone A has anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-activated macrophages and its mechanism could be through the down-regulation of binding to the ${\kappa}B$ site.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.254-266
• /
• 2019

Background: Patients with cardiovascular risks are recommended to use statins and antiplatelet agents to prevent major cerebro-cardiovascular events (MACCE). Antiplatelet agents also possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in addition to their inhibitory activity on platelets. The differences in clinical outcomes in ischemic heart disease (IHD) based on the type of antiplatelet therapy combined with statin treatment were investigated in this study. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records of IHD patients from January 2010 to December 2014 at Ajou University Hospital. Patients on combination therapy of antiplatelet drugs and statins were grouped based on antiplatelet drug types: clopidogrel, cilostazol, or sarpogrelate. Propensity score matching was applied to balance the baseline of the groups of clopidogrel vs. cilostazol and the groups of clopidogrel vs. sarpogrelate. The incidence and risk of MACCE as primary outcomes were assessed between the groups of antiplatelet drugs. Results: Among the approximately 128,500 patients with IHD, 1,049 patients had taken a combination therapy of statin and antiplatelet agents. The cohorts of patients administered clopidogrel, cilostazol, or sarpogrelate were 906, 79, and 64, respectively. The incidence of MACCE was not significantly different among the cohorts (p=0.58), and there were no differences between clopidogrel vs. cilostazol (p=0.72) or clopidogrel vs. sarpogrelate (p=1.00) after propensity score matching. Conclusion: There was no difference in the incidence of MACCE based on the type of antiplatelet drug (clopidogrel, cilostazol, or sarpogrelate) in combination with a statin in patients with IHD.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2011

Anthocyanins are naturally occuring phytochemicals and the main components of the coloring of plants, flowers and fruits. They are known to elicit antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive activity. In this study, we investigated anthocyanins in black / yellow soybean seedcoats using different methods of detection - thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and HPLC analysis. The anthocyanins in soybean seedcoats were extracted by five independent methods of extraction and the aglycons (anthocyanidins) of the corresponding anthocyanins were prepared by acid mediated hydrolysis. The anthocyanin / anthocyanidin in black soybean seedcoat showed characteristic TLC mobility, CZE electrophoretic retention and HPLC migration time while little of anthocyanins were detected from yellow soybean seedcoat. The extracted anthocyanins showed pH dependent retention time in CZE and spectral change in UV-Vis spectrum. HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed extract of black soybean seedcoat identified the presence of four anthocyanidins. The major anthocyanin in black soybean seedcoat was cyanin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), with the relative order of anthocyanidin in cyanidin > delphinidin > petunidin > pelargonidin.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2007

Anatomy: The rotator cuff comprises four muscles-the subscapularis, the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus and the teres minor-and their musculotendinous attachments. The subscapularis muscle is innervated by the subscapular nerve and originates on the scapula. It inserts on the lesser tuberosity of the humerus. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus are both innervated by the suprascapular nerve, originate in the scapula and insert on the greater tuberosity. The teres minor is innervated by the axillary nerve, originates on the scapula and inserts on the greater tuberosity. The subacromial space lies underneath the acromion, the coracoid process, the acromioclavicular joint and the coracoacromial ligament. A bursa in the subacromial space provides lubrication for the rotator cuff. Etiology: The space between the undersurface of the acromion and the superior aspect of the humeral head is called the impingement interval. This space is normally narrow and is maximally narrow when the arm is abducted. Any condition that further narrows this space can cause impingement. Impingement can result from extrinsic compression or from loss of competency of the rotator cuff. Syndrome: Neer divided impingement syndrome into three stages. Stage I involves edema and/or hemorrhage. This stage generally occurs in patients less than 25 years of age and is frequently associated with an overuse injury. Generally, at this stage the syndrome is reversible. Stage II is more advanced and tends to occur in patients 25 to 40 years of age. The pathologic changes that are now evident show fibrosis as well as irreversible tendon changes. Stage III generally occurs in patients over 50 years of age and frequently involves a tendon rupture or tear. Stage III is largely a process of attrition and the culmination of fibrosis and tendinosis that have been present for many years. Treatment: In patients with stage I impingement, conservative treatment is often sufficient. Conservative treatment involves resting and stopping the offending activity. It may also involve prolonged physical therapy. Sport and job modifications may be beneficial. Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs(NSAIDS) and ice treatments can relieve pain. Ice packs applied for 20 minutes three times a day may help. A sling is never used, because adhesive capsulitis can result from immobilization.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.19-35
• /
• 2020

Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the fracture healing effect of Jinmu-tang (JM) on femur fractured rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (normal, control, positive control, JM extract with low concentration and JM extract with high concentration). All group except normal group went through both femur fracture. Normal and control group received no treatment at all. Positive control group were medicated with tramadol (20 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days. Experimental group was orally medicated with JM extract (10 mg/kg for low concentration, 50 mg/kg for high concentration) once a day for 14 days. In order to investigate fracture healing process, plasma and serum were obtained. Also, micro-computed tomography was conducted to see the frature site visually. Immunohistochemistry for transforming growth factor-β1, Ki67, alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase was conducted to observe bone healing progress after 14 days since fracture occured. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were measured in plasma, for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of JM extract. Osteocalcin was measured to observe activity of osteoblast. Results Through Micro-CT, more fracture healing was observed on both experimental group than control and positive control group. Through Hematoxylin & Eosin and safranin O staining showed bone cell proliferation and bone formation in the experimental group. RANK was significantly increased in the experimental groups. JM with high concentration showed statistically significant of TGF-β and Osteocalcin. NO, TRAP and ALP were not significantly changed. Liver toxicity was not significantly observed. Creatinine significantly increased in both experimental groups after 28 days. Conclusions As described above, JM extract showed anti-inflammatory effect, promoted fracture healing by stimulating the bone regeneration factor, and showed little hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, JM extract can promote fracture healing and it can be used clinically to patients with fracture.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.14-18
• /
• 2010

Rosmarinic acid, an ester of caffeic acid with 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid, is one of the main active constituents of Agastache rugosa Kuntze and has an astringent property, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity, antimutagenic ability, antimicrobial capacity, and an antiviral property. Five different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes differed in their ability to induce Korean mint (Agastache rugosa Kuntze) hairy roots and also showed varying effects on the growth and rosmarinic acid production in hairy root cultures. A. rhizogenes R1601 is the most effective strain for the induction (72.90%), growth (13.50 g/l) and rosmarinic acid production (22.60 mg/g) in hairy root of Korean mint. Our results demonstrate that use of suitable strains of A. rhizogenes may allow study of the regulation of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in hairy root cultures of Agastache rugosa.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.163-174
• /
• 1978

Plantaginis seed has been applied in Chinese medicine a as well as in folk remedy. It was advocated that Plantaginis S Semeη exerts good therapeutic effects as anti-inflammatory, antitussive, obstipant and diuretic agent in some cases of alimentary, respiratory a and renal disorders. This study was carried out in order to r re-evaluate the pharmacological action, especially the hypotensive a action of Plantaginis Semen and to elucidate the mechanism of its a action, making use of Plantaginis Semen methanol extract (PME), because its basic pharmacological action, i. e., hypotensive action is n not clear. 1) PME, when administered into intravenous route, elicited the h hypotensive response dependent on the dose of PME given to the rabbit anesthetized with urethane. 2) This hypotensive response of P PME was inhibited by atropine and potentiated by physostigmine, but not influ$\varepsilon$need by vagotomization. 3) Depressor effect of PME was blocked by chlorisondamine, phentolamine, and bethanicline, while not altered by cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine and propran¬olol. 4) The secondary pressor response after blocking the depressor e effect of PME by chlorisondamine was produced, but this pressor response was deminished by atropine. 5) PME augmented the pressor e effect of norepinephrine and angiotensin, on the other hand, reduced b blood pressure elevated by carotid occlusion reflex. 6) These observa¬t tions suggest that PME may induce the hypotensive response via dual mechanisms of parasympathomimetic and sympatholytic action, that the positions of this action are cholinergic peripheral site and sympathetic ganglia respectively, and that PME may possess the pressor activity caused by stimulation of "atropine-sensitive site" which seems to existsin the sympathetic ganglia.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.508-513
• /
• 2006

The effect of acteoside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg, on histamine and arachidonic acid release was investigated in RBL 2H3 cells. Histamine was dose-dependently released from RBL 2H3 cells by melittin, arachidonic acid and thapsigargin. In extracellular $Ca^{2+}-free$ solution, basal secretion of histamins increased by two fold. The response of histamine release to melittin and thapsigargin in $Ca^{2+}-free$ solution was significantly decreased, whereas the response to arachidonic acid was significantly increased as compared with those in normal solution. Acteoside inhibited histamine release induced by melittin, arachidonic acid and thapsigargin in a dose-dependent manner in the presence or absence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. However, the inhibitory activity of acteoside was more potent in normal solution than that in $Ca^{2+}-free$ solution. These data suggest that inhibitory mechanism of acteoside on histamine release may be related to extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. On the other hand, acteoside significantly inhibited arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin $E_2$ production Induced by $0.5\;{\mu}M$ melittin. It is possible that acteoside may be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.32-39
• /
• 1993

Despite their sometimes fatal complications such as respiratory depression when used for postoperative pain control, intravenous and epidural narcotics remain the mainstay of treatment regimens. Because of the problems, anesthesiologists are seeking alternatives. We compared the analgesic effect and complications of continuous intravenous morphine with ketorolac. Ketorolac is a non-steroidal agent with potent analgesics and moderate anti-inflammatory activity. Forty ASA physical status I or II patients were given morphine(20 patients) or ketorolac(20 patients):In the morphine group, an initial bolus dose of 2 mg i.v. was given followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 1 mg/hr for 48 hours. The ketorolac group was given initial bolus of 30 mg i.v. This was followed by continuous infusion at a rate of 3.75 mg/hr for 48 hours using a Baxter Daymate Infuser. We checked systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, visual analogue scale(VAS) and the Prince Henry Score(PHS). This was done before the initial bolus, at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min, at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after administration. We observed the side effects nausea and vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, somnolence, urinary retention and respiratory depression. From our study we believe ketorolac in selected patients, is as effective as morphine in alleviating postoperative pain without side effects of morphine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.1639-1648
• /
• 2017

Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound, widely acclaimed for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancerous properties. However, its use has been limited due to its low-aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, rapid clearance, and low cellular uptake. In order to assess the effect of glycosylation on the pharmacological properties of curcumin, one-pot multienzyme (OPME) chemoenzymatic glycosylation reactions with UDP-${\alpha}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-glucose or UDP-${\alpha}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-2-deoxyglucose as donor substrate were employed. The result indicated significant conversion of curcumin to its glycosylated derivatives: curcumin 4'-O-${\beta}$-glucoside, curcumin 4',4"-di-O-${\beta}$-glucoside, curcumin 4'-O-${\beta}$-2-deoxyglucoside, and curcumin 4',4"-di-O-${\beta}$-2-deoxyglucoside. The products were characterized by ultra-fast performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution quadruple-time-of-flight electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and NMR analyses. All the products showed improved water solubility and comparable antibacterial activities. Additionally, the curcumin 4'-O-${\beta}$-glucoside and curcumin 4'-O-${\beta}$-2-deoxyglucoside showed enhanced anticancer activities compared with the parent aglycone and diglycoside derivatives. This result indicates that glycosylation can be an effective approach for enhancing the pharmaceutical properties of different natural products, such as curcumin.