• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.46-53
• /
• 2007

The effects of the alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BMA) on morphine-induced pharmacological activities were studied in mice. Oral administration of the extract (40 mg/kg) significantly inhibited morphine-induced analgesic tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, hyperactivity, reverse tolerance, Dopamine receptor supersensitivity and apo-morphine-induced climbing behaviour in mice. The results of this study showed that, alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BMA) exerted inhibitory effect against morphine-induced pharmacological effects, suggesting that the extract could be useful in the treatment of morphine toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 1992

This study examined the Influence of ginseng total saponins (GTS) on the analgestic action and tolerance development of pentazocine in mice. Pentazocine prolonged the latency to response in the tail flick rather than in the tail pinch test. The analgesic effect of pentaEocine was antagonized by naloxone and completely eliminated by pretreatment u·ith f-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). GTS provented the pentasocine-incuced analgesia ann inhibited the development of tolerance to pentazocine. The antagonistic effect of GTS on the pentazocine-induced analgesia was abolished by 5-HTP, but not by L-DOPA. These results suggest that GTS inhibits the analgesic action of pentazocine by the interaction with serotonergic neuron.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.184-188
• /
• 1999

A series of 4-amino Capsaincin anallogs 15, 17 and 19 were prepared to investigate the bioisosteric effect of 4-amino group, and all these compounds exhibited moderate or weak potency from their analgesic test. From our previous results and others, 4-hydroxyl group as well as 3-methoxy substituent could be crucial for high analgesic activity. This biological results also shows that the activity is sensitive to alkyl chain length in hydrophobic region and the phenylacetic amides 19 are more active than the corresponding urea derivatives 17.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.27-36
• /
• 1994

In order to investigate the effect of BODUOPAE-SAN(BOS), experiments were performed on analgesic effect induced by acetic acid, duration of hypnosis induced by pentobarbital-Na in mice and gastric ucler in Shay rats and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer, HCI-ethanol induced gastrci lesion in rats and gastric juice secretion in Shay rats. The results are as followings. 1. BOS showed significantly an analgesic effect induced by acetic acid. 2. BOS prolonged the duration of hypnosis induced by pentobarbital-Na in rats 3. BOS rised the spontaneous motility of isolatied ileum of mice temporarily. 4. BOS depressed the gastric motility of rats significantly. 5. BOS showed an anti-ulcer effect in Shay rats and indometacine-induced ulcer rats significantly. 6. BOS reduced the ulcer index of the HCl-ethanol induced gastric lesion in rats. 7. BOS reduced the gastric juice secretion in Shay rats. From above results think BOS is more effective in comparison to the OPAESAN alone on gastrointestinal disorder.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.410-418
• /
• 1998

From the ancient times, herbs, animals and minerals were used as natural medicine to cure human disease in diverse ways. One of the representative forms in oral intake is decoction. But medicinal decoction degenerates as time passes just as all foods do by the environmental factors, such as micro-organism, enzyme, light and the air. Nowadays, as medicinal decoctions are kept in bottles and retort pouch for longtime, some standard data for preservation is necessary. In order to measure the standard statistics for safe preservation, Youngsunjetongeum used to treat rheumatism, and gout 'were used. According to this experiment which measured pH, specific gravity, analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory effect, the results were as follows: 1. No remarkable change was found in pH and in the specific gravity of decoction. 2. As for the analgesic effect induced by acetic acid in mice, no remarkable decrease in its medicinal efficacy was found, until the 9th day, but it showed in its medicinal efficacy from the 11th day. 3. As for the resultant anti-inflammatory effect caused by vascular permeability, induced by carrageenin and acetic acid, no remarkable decrease in its medicinal efficacy was found until the 9th day, but showed decrease in its medicinal efficacy from 11th day. In conclusion, keeping the natural medicinal decoction more than 9 days should be avoided.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.236.1-236.1
• /
• 2000

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
• /
• v.3 no.2 s.5
• /
• pp.92-97
• /
• 2003

Background: Gabapentin is a novel anti-epileptic drug, which is used in clinical practice to treat epilepsy. This drug is also used as an analgesic in pain patients. The antinociceptive effect of this drug was assessed using the formalin test in the rat. Methods: In order to investigate the effects of gabapentin on the trigeminal nerve territory, we injected 0.5% formalin into the upper lip. Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats received a $50{\mu}l$ subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin into one vibrissal pad and the consequent, facial grooming behavior was monitored. Consistent with previous investigations using tile formalin model, animals exhibited biphasic nocifensive grooming (phase 1, 0-12 min; phase 2, 12-60 min). Results: The intraperitoneal administration gabapentin 5 minutes prior to the formalin injection led to a significant, dose-dependent reduction in grooming time during phase 2. In high doses, gabapentin also reduced the time of grooming during phase 1. Conclusions: The Intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin has an analgesic effect in the facial formalin rat model and this analgesic effect increases dose-dependently.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 1983

It is well known that the acupuncture has been used effectively for the relief of certain types of pain. Although the precise mechanism of action of acupuncture analgesia is unknown, it is generally accepted that their analgesic properties are related to the activation of endogenous opiate system in central nervous system. And it is suggested that pain-relieving properties of acupunture may be related to a stimulation of peripheral nerve underlying the acupuncture point on the skin. However, the efficacy of acupuncture has no relationship between the site of pain and the acupuncture point. Consequently, the present study was undertaken to investigate electroacupuncture analgesia in relation to the site of peripheral nerve stimulation. Cats were decerebrated ischemically and the flexion reflex as an index of pain was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve (20V, 0.5 msec duration) and recored as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the posterior biceps femoris muscle in the ipsilateral hindlimb. Bilateral common peroneal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve were selected as the site of peripheral nerve stimulation. For the stimulation of peripheral nerve, a stimulus of 20 V intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Both stimulation of contralateral common peronal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve did not change the flexion reflex and there were no significant differences between them. 2) Stimulation of ipsilateral common peroneal nerve markedly depress the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone application. These results suggest that stimulation of ipsilateral common peroneal nerve has the analgesic effect but both stimulation of contralteral common peroneal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve to the pain site where flexion reflex was elicited have no analgesic effect.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.87-90
• /
• 2006

Background: There are many ways to provide superior analgesia for postoperative pain after abdominal surgery of which epidural analgesics with opioids and local analgesics are the most useful. In an effort to maximize the level of analgesia and to minimize the side effects, ketamine, midazolam, clonidine, and adrenalin can be co-administrated as an adjuvant. This study examined the analgesic effect and side effects of midazolam compared with those given an epidural injection of bupivacaine, fentanyl and ketamine. Methods: In a double blind randomized controlled trial, 50 patients received either fentanyl $0.3{\mu}g/kg/h$ and ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/h (Group FK) or fentanyl $0.3{\mu}g/kg/h$, ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/h and midazolam 0.4 mg/h (Group FKM), added to 0.125% of bupivacaine at a rate of as much as 2 ml/h, for patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) after low abdominal surgery. Ten minutes before surgery, the patients received either 10 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine or 10 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with the same amount of normal saline, added to fentanyl $50{\mu}g$. The pain score and the side effects were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: There was no difference in the pain score except for the VAS on coughing 1 hour after surgery. FKM group had fewer side effects. Conclusions: There was a better analgesic effect and fewer side effects with the addition of epidural midazolam to bupivacaine and fentanyl with ketamine formula. However, more study on the dose and route of administration will be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.242-248
• /
• 1994

Postherpetic neuralgia is frequently painful, incapacitating, mood depressing, and sometimes lifelong. We investigated the influence of duration from eruption to nerve blocks in conjunction with patients age on analgesic and preventive effect for postherpetic neuralgia. We retrospectively evaluated 50 outpatient medical records for the above T4 dermatome. Patients had been referred to pain clinic and were treated over 2weeks from Jan. 1988 to Dec. 1993. Fifty patients were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group I (a): less than 4weeks from eruption to nerve block and younger than 65 years old. Group I (b): less than 4weeks from eruption to nerve block and older than 65 years old. Group II (a): more than 4weeks from eruption to nerve block and younger than 65 years old. Group II(b): more than 4weeks from eruption to nerve block and older than 65 years old. Mean number of stellate ganglion blocks were 29.7. Tramadol, amitriptyline, nicardipine were most commonly prescribed. Group I (a): had the most improvement rate(77.8%) as compared with other group(46.6, 52.7, 56.0%). Number of patients who complained of severe pain (VAS > 5) were 0, 3(39%), 2(15.4%), 5(30%) in I (a), I (b), II (a), II (b) group respectively. In conclusion, analgesic effect was best in cases of patients younger than 65 years old whose treatment were started within 4 weeks of eruption. Patients older than 65 yrs, analgesic effect did not vary on the timing of treatment.