• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.220-223
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• 1993

Administration of local anesthetics or morphine through epidural space has the effect of curbing postoperative increases in endocrine hormone. Other benefits include improving metabolic reaction and eliminating postoperative pain. However, repeated administration of local anesthetics through epidural space causes tachyphylaxis, and the unstable blockade of sensory nerve resulting in insufficient analgesia. Morphine has excellent postoperative analgesic effect, but complications including: itching, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention and respiratory depression may be associated with its administration. Sixty patients that fall into the category of ASA class I and II were randomly selected for the purpose of the experiment. Thirty patients were give 4 mg of morphine and the rest, 4 mg of morphine plus 80 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine administered through epidural space with the Baxter infuser. Analgesic effect was satisfactory in both groups. On the day of operation, the effect was stronger in group I (P<0.05) and on postoperative second day, group II showed better analgesic effect (P < 0.05). Group II had more patients who complained of itching (P < 0.05). Other complications were statistically insignificant. The findings indicate that administration of morphine through epidural space for postoperative pain management is an effective procedure. Baxter infuser was found to be very instrumental in pain control while reducing the chance of complications.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.554-566
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• 2008

Objectives : Modified Gamgil-tang is a prescription commonly used for respiratory diseases. This thesis was carried out to check the treatment effects and diversity of drug formulation by comparing extraction method of ethanol and water of modified Gamgil-tang. Methods : All experiments were carried out with water and 50% ethanol extraction for comparison. In vivo experiment, hyaluronidase inhibitory effects and trypsin inhibitory effects were tested to measure the anti-inflammatory effects activity. Scavenging effects of DPPH free radical, xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects and inhibition on TBA-RS formation were experimented to measure anti-oxidative effects. With the in vivo experiment, ICR group mice and SD group rats were used as experimental animals. An anti-inflammatory effects experiment were carried out to measure the action on carrageenin-induced hind paw edema: analgesic effects were measured using writhing syndrome induced by 0.7% acetic acid in mice: antipyretic effect was measured using endotoxin, and inhibitory effects of increase vascular permeability induced by 0.5% histamine were measured. Results : For extraction of glycyrrhizin contents, ethanol extract was extracted 2 times of that of water extract. Anti-inflammatory effects showed high in ethanol extract. Anti-oxidative effects measured high in ethanol extract. No significant result was found in inhibition on TBA-RS formation. Analgesic effects were found to be similar in water and ethanol extract. Antipyretic effects were found to be stronger in water extract. Inhibitory effects of increase vascular permeability induced by 0.5% histamine showed stronger in ethanol extract. Conclusion : By measuring anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects, antipyretic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and histamine permeation inhibition effects both in water extract and ethanol extract after adding agents such as Mentha Herba, Gardenias Fructus, and propolis to existing Gamgil-Tang, ethanol extract was found to be more effective in anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and histamine permeation inhibition effects. The converse was found for antipyretic effect.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 2005

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to SI6 and won-rak point on the ankle sprain model was examined. A common source of persistent pain in humans is the lateral ankle sprain. Methods : To model this condition, the rat's right ankle was bent repeatedly, overextending lateral ligaments, for 4 min under enflurane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful ankle. EA was applied to the several acupuncture point on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force and Paw volume were Periodically conducted during the next 4 h and 18 h respectively. Results : EA applied to $SI_6$ with won-rak point produced more powerful improvement of stepping force of the sprained foot than to $SI_6$ alone lasting for at least 4 h. However, neigher $KI_4$ point nor $BL_{64}$ point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effort on the ankle sprain pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to $KI_4$ or $BL_{64}$. In addition, EA applied to $SI_6$ with won-rak combination point showed inhibitory effect on the paw edema induced by ankle sprain. Also, COX-2 protein expression increased by ankle sprain were suppressed by the EA stimulation. Conclusion : These data suggest that EA with won-rak combination point produces a more potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model in the rat and that EA with won-rak combination point induced anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of COX-2 protein expression.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.208-212
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• 2000

Background: We studied 250 patients who received intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after lower and upper abdominal surgery to evaluate pain relief, analgesic consumption, patient's mood and side effects. Methods: We made total 60 ml of analgesic mixture with morphine 60 mg, ketorolac 180 mg, droperidol 5 mg and normal saline. Loading and bolus dose and lockout interval were 0.05 ml/kg, 1.0 ml and 7 min, respectively. The duration of operation and the length of skin incision were recorded. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain and mood scores, cumulative analgesic consumption, and incidence of side effect were evaluated. Results: In the upper abdominal surgery group (Group 2), the duration of operation and length of skin incision were longer than Group 1. The average postoperative pain scores at 6, 24, and 48 hours in lower (Group 1) vs upper (Group 2) abdominal surgery were $4.3{\pm}2.1$ vs $4.7{\pm}2.4$, $3.3{\pm}1.9$ vs $4.3{\pm}2.8$, and $2.4{\pm}2.7$ vs $3.2{\pm}2.1$, respectively. There were no significant differences in the cumulative analgesic consumption and number of analgesic demands and at 6, 24, 48 hours after the operation between two groups. Group 2 patients required significantly longer pain control using PCA as compared to Group 1 patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence of side effects between the two groups. Conclusions: There was little difference in postoperative pain after lower and upper abdominal surgery.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 1989

Clonidine, ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic agonist, applied spinally or epidurally has been shown to be effective in blocking noxious stimuli in human applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of epidurally administered clonidine. In 40 patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy or anal fistulectomy, 1.33% lidocaine 15ml (Group I) or 1.33% lidocaine mixed with $75{\mu}g$ clonidine(Group II) administered epidurally through sacral hiatus. Intraoperative changes of vital signs and duration of postoperative analgesic effects were observed. The results were as follows : 1) In the group I, average analgesic duration was 2.42 hours. 2) In the group II, average analgesic duration was 7.32 hours. 3) After epidural clonidine injection, the decrease in heart rate and blood pressure was not significant without sedation. 4) Postoperatively, any complaints related clonidine were not reported. In conclusion, postoperative pain control with epidural clonidine was effective.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.379-384
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to reduce the side effects and to develop effective drugs using bucillamine (B), lornoxicam (L), and its mixtures on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. With this goal, we compared their effects on the four different mixtures with a sole treatment (B 40 mg/kg and L 1.60 mg/kg). The mixture 1, 2, 3, and 4 ratios of B to L (mg/kg) were 20 to 0.80, 40 to 1.60, 80 to 3.20, and 40 to 1.14, respectively. In terms of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, B and L inhibited the amount of dye leakage approximately 37.8 and 66.5%, respectively. And mixture 1, 2 and 3 showed inhibition of 47.4%, 81.5%, and 84.3%. The mixture 4 inhibited approximately 49.4%. In carrageenan- induced paw edema model, mixtures of B and L effectively inhibited paw edema measured 1/2~3 hours after carrageenan injection. Especially, mixture 2 inhibited 50.7%, 52.7%, 50.9% of paw edema after 1, 2, and 3 hr, significantly. We also examined an analgesic effect using the writhing test. In terms of the acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome, the control group showed writhing syndrome 18.5 times. B and L showed 9 and 6.3 times, inhibiting 51.6% and 65.9% respectively. And aspirin, as a positive control drug, showed the 7.1 times writhing syndrome. The mixture 1, 2, 3, and 4 also significantly inhibited the writhing syndrome to 62.2%, 93.0%, 51.4%, and 77.8%, respectively. From these results, we could suggest that the range of B and L ratio of 25 : 1 to 35 : 1 may be applicable to developing analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2018

Objective: To compare the analgesic effects and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of fentanyl intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (ivPCA) with nefopam, a centrally acting analgesic agent with demonstrated opioid sparing activity, as compared to ketorolac in a tertiary teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of electronic medical records was conducted on patient records including either nefopam or ketorolac with opioid ivPCA for post-operative pain management in general surgery department from January to December 2014. The status of pain control and ADRs were collected. Results: Out of 6,330 general surgery cases, nefopam was given in 153 prescriptions (6.9%) and ketorolac in 81 prescriptions (3.6%). The level of pain control was not different between two groups (70.9% vs. 75.3%; p = 0.51), but ADRs were more frequently reported in nefopam group (9.8% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.05). New ADRs of hot flushes (n = 1) and paresthesia in hands (n = 1) were reported in nefopam group and they were unlisted in the approved package insert. No serious ADRs were reported in both groups. Conclusion: Our findings presented that nefopam showed a similar analgesic effect and higher ADR rates compared to ketorolac as an adjuvant to fentanyl iv PCA for post-operative pain management in general surgery patients in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 1986

This study was conducted about the effect of Shihogesikungang-tang on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system for the investigation of its clinical effect based on the Oriental medicinal references. The results of this study were summerized as follows; Analgesic activity as evaluated by the writhing syndrome in mice was significantly noted. A decrease effect of the spontaneous movement as estimated by wheel cage method, muscle relaxant effect as evaluated by the rotor rod method and the prolonged effect of sleeping time induced by thiopental-Na were significantly shown in mice. A antipyretic activity in febrile rats induced by the endotoxin was recognized. Anti-inflammatory effect in carrageen-induced paw edema in rats was significantly noted. Negative inotropic action on the isolated heart of frogs was noted. A vasodilative action in rabbits peripheral blood vessels and hypotension in anesthetized rabbits were remarkably recognized.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.213-230
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• 1995

The present work was done to investigate the pharmacological effectiveness of Guichoolpajing-Tang and Gamiguichoolpajing-Tang. The extracted water of those two prescription were administered to experimintal animals and determined analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory effects and effects on intravascular coagulation, spontaneous morements of the isolated rat uterus, the uterine contracion induced by oxytocin or $PGF_{20}$, lifespan of mice implanted intraperitoneally with Sarcoma 180. The following results were obtained. 1) The extracted water of Guichoolpajing-Tang and Gamiguichoolpajing-Tang were revealed significant analgesic effect. 2) The extracted water of Guichoolpajing-Tang and Gamiguichoolpajing-Tang showed anti-pyretic effect. 3) The extracted water of Guichoolpajing-tang and Gamiguichoolpajing-Tang showed anti-inflammatory effect. Especially, the extracted water of Gamiguichoolpajing-Tang showed more significant dffect than another. 4) Concerning the degree of concentration of FDP, Gamiguichoolpajing-Tang treated groups tevealed significant decreases. 5) The extracted water of both prescriptions revealed uterus relaxation on the spontaneous movement of the isolated rat uterus and showed uterine contraction induced by oxytocin or $PDF_{2}$. Especially Guichoolpajing-Tang showed more significant effect than another. 6) The extracted water of both prescription both prescriptions showed effect on lifespan of mice implanted intraperitoneally with Sarcoma 180.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effects of Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pain in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : In this experiment there were four groups, each with six SD rats. In the normal group (NOR), normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the control group (CON), normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 3 % group (DP3), Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 3 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 5 % group (DP5), Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. We analyzed ultrasonic vocalization (USV), Substance P, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and alanine aminotransferase(ALT). Results : In the early phase of USV, both DP3 and DP5 had an analgesic effect. In the late phase, DP5 had an analgesic effect compared to CON. Substance P in DP5 was significantly decreased compared to CON. In regards to blood AST and ALT, there was no significant difference among NOR, CON, DP3 or DP5. Conclusion : These results suggest that Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture helps to reduce formalin-induced pain. It's mechanism is related to substance P, and Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture has no influence on liver toxicity.