• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1959

1. The plant communities on Mt. Sulak, a typical alpine mountain in central Korea was researched from the standpoint of ecological survey. 2. The plant on this mountain can largely be classified into 2 categories, the warm zone (below 1100m) and the frigid zone. The former is again classified into a broad-leaved tree formation and a needle-leved tree formation, and the latter is calssified into a broad-leaved tree formation and needle-leaved tree formation, and shrub formation. 3. The broad-leaved tree formation in the warm zone can largely be classified into a Carpinus laxiflora-syringa Palibiniana var. kanibayashi association(1), a Carpinus erosa-Acer Pseudo-sieboldianun association(2), and a Quercus mongolica- Tripterygium Regelii association(3). 4. The needle-leaved tree formation in the warm zone can also largely ben classified into a Pinus densiflora- Miscanthus sinensis association(4), Abies holophylla- Tripterygium regelii association(5), Pinus kordiensis- Rhododendron schlippenbachii association(6) In the association(4), the canopy of the Pinus densiflora is gradually being occupied by the Quercus mongolica which is one kind of broad-leaved trees. 5. We can fully see a DryoPteris type of the flour layer plant type in the association (3) and also see a Sasamorpha type in the association (5). 6. The broad-leaved tree formation in the frigid zone can largely be classified into Quercus mongolica- Rhododendron schlippenbachii association (8). The constituents of tree and subtree layers in (7) and (8) associations are similar to those association (3), but the constituents of the shrub layer are different from those of associtation (3) due to the difference in height. 7. The needle-leaved formation in the frigid zone can largely be classified into Thuja koraiensisRodgersia podophylla var. viritis association (9) and Abies nephrolepis-Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes asscciation (10). The species of alpine plants or subalpine plants are gradually increased in this formation. 8. The shrub formation can also largely be classified into a Rhododendron mucronulatum- Patrinia saniculaefolia association (11) and Pinus pumila associatio (12). Association (12) has largely developed on the windy place. Association (12) was burned due to the bombing during the Korean war, but now we recoginized there occurred an invasion of Tripterygium Regelii in such a place. 9. The herb layer species which constitute the shrub formation are mostly alpine or subalpine plants of small size, and their kinds are also very few. 10. The growth of the Moss layer is especially good because of the varied conditions of the habitat. The kinds which can easily be seen are the genus of Thunidium, Haplocladium, Brachythecium, Macromitrium, Holonitrium, Atrichum, Schwstchkeopsis, Grimmia, Hedwigia, Rhynchostegium and Mnium. 11. The genus of the Sphagnum densly grows like a mat at the acid and moisturous place above 1100m. The authors should express their thanks to father. Yang Kisup, Dean of Catholic Medical College, Prof. Yoon Doksuen, from their valuable advice. Thanks arealso due to Prof. Numata, Chiba University, Prof. Takagi, Nagoya University and Prof. Ando, Hiroshima University in Japan for his kind help and identification of Bryophytes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.13 no.4 s.21
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• pp.227-231
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• 1974

During the period from 1971 to 73 physiologic races of potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, causing severe losses of seed potato production at Alpine area, Korea, were investigated. In 1971, 68 isolates of the pathogen from various potato varieties were identified by the use of differential host Plants, and found that there were 10 races; 0, 1, 2, 3, 1.3, 1.4, 3.4, 1.3.4, 2.3.4. The most Predominant races for the year were 0 and 3. In 1972, the same procedure was repeated with 62 isolates of the pathogen, and found 5 different races; 0, 1, 4, 1.3 and 1.3.4. The most predominant race for the year was race 0. In 1973, six races; 0, 3, 4, 1.3, 3.4 and 1.3.4 were found from 76 isolates of the year, and the race 0 and 4 apperared as the most Predominant races for the year. Total of 11 races; 0, 1, 3, 4, 1.3, 1.4, 3.4, 1.3.4, 2.3.4 and 1.2.3.4, were found during the period from 1971 to 73 at Alpine area, among which the most predominant races were race 0, 3, and 4. The investigation indicated that the anual incidence of these races largely depended on the climatic conditions of the year.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the planting densities and nitrogen levels on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and nutritive value of corn for silage in alpine area(altitude 800m a.s.1.) of National Livestock Research Institute from 2001 to 2002. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three planting densities, low(67,000 plants/ha), medium(89,000 plants/ha) and high(95,000 plants/ha). Sub plots consisted of three nitrogen levels, 150 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha, and 250 kg/ha. Tassel height of corn was increased with decreasing planting density, and nitrogen level of 200 kg/ha in all main plots. Ear height of corn was decreased with increasing planting density, and 150 kg/ha of three nitrogen levels. But there were no significant differences among treatment in tassel and ear height. Although dry matter ear ratio of whole com was increased with decreasing planting density, there were no significant differences among treatments. But there were significant differences among nitrogen levels(P<0.05). Dry matter yield of com was high with increasing planting density, but there were no significant differences among treatments. And DM yield of corn was significant difference among nitrogen levels(P<0.05). Crude protein content of corn was the highest with high planting density and low nitrogen level. NDF and ADF content of com was the highest with low planting density and nitrogen levels of 200 kg/ha in all main treatments. These results indicate that low planting density(67.000 plants/ha) and nitrogen of 150-200 kg/ha would be the optimum level fur dry matter yield and nutritive value of silage com in alpine area.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.787-791
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• 2000

Lettuce seedlings used in this investigation of planting distance and labor-saving efficiency were first grown in 100-hole paper trays for 30 days. Seedling height for transplanting ranged from 3 cm to 6 cm and plants had 3 to 5 leaves. The beds prepared for transplanting were of the arched type and were 35-40 cm in width, 15-20 cm in bed height, and between-bed furrow width was 20 30 cm. Typical seedling planting depth with the transplanter was 4-5 cm, although depth was quite variable because of the irregularities of the ground. Total transplanting time with the transplanter varied from 2.6 to 2.7 hours per 10a, while it took 38.1 hours per 10a with conventional planting. It was critical that the condition of both the seedlings and the bed be adjusted to the transplanter before planting. Considering yield and inter-plant distance, optimal transplanter performance resulted with $60{\times}20cm$ or $60{\times}25cm$spacing, and the labor-saving efficiency using the transplanter was improved by over 93% of that of conventional planting by hand.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.222-226
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• 2001

In 1997, 103 isolates of Verticillium were obtained from roots and stems of tomato plants showing wilt symptoms in greenhouses in eight areas of Korea. Out of these isolates, 75 were edintified as V. dahliae while 28 were identified as V. albo-atrum based on their morpho-logical and cultural characteristics. Both Verticillium species produced colonies with conidiophores, which were more or less erect, hyaline, with verticillate branches, and with 3-4 phialides at each node. V. dahliae produced microsclerotia, while V. albo-atrum produced resting dark mycelium. Optimum temperatures for mycelial growth of V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum on PDA were 22 and $26^{\circ}$, respectively. Mycelial growth of V. albo-atrum was slower than that of V. dahliae. Pathoge-nicity tests revealed that tomato cvs. Zuikoh No. 102, Kyoryokubeiju No. 2, Zuiken, Kagimuza, and Momotaro were susceptible to V. albo-atrum, while cvs. Zuikoh No. 102 and Kyoryokubeiju No.2 were susceptible to V. dahliae.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 1992

We investigated major plant communities and seed dispersal patterns in areas a(alt. 2,263 ~2,350m),b(alt. 2,350~2,420m), c(alt. 2,420m) with levels of a crater on mt. paektu. Thirty two species distributed around chunji consisted of 24 perennial herbs, 1 biennial herb and 7 alpine dwarf shurbs. Their fruit types were quite diverse; capsule(11), achene(10), grain(4), legume(2), follicle(2), schizocarp(2) and drupe(1). in area a, adjancent to the chunji(lake) water surface, gramineae sp., cyperaceae sp., chrysanthemum zawadskii and bistorta ochotensis were occured as members of the major plant communities. Species of gramineae and cyperaceae seem to have become dominant because their seeds float well. Astragalus membranaceus is legume and endures the winter cold and summer drought. in area c, alpine dwarf shrubs (e. g.rhododendron redowskianum, rhododendron aureum, empetrum nigrum) were dominant. In area c, compared to a and b, the weather is drier because of strong wind and lower water holding capacity of the soil. Therefore the pattern of plants distributing around chunji is different from that in western slope on mt.paektu. environmental factor such as wind, temperature and water may contribute to the pattern.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_2
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• pp.519-529
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• 1998

The vegetation of alpine and subalpine zone from timber line, 2,000m altitude, to the upper area of Mt. Packtu were investigated by phytosociological method. The plant distribution along to the different altitudes shown as follows: Betula ermani community with Rhododendron redowskianum occupied dominantly at 2,000m area as patch forms, Rhododendron redowskianum community with Vaccinium uliginosum, at 2,180-2,200m area, both Vaccinium uliginosum and Rhododendron redowskianum community were compatible with each other at 2,243m area. Rhododendron redowskianum community at 2,250, Salix rotundifolia community, Erigeron thunbergii var. glabrata community, Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community and Carex atrata community were occurred frequently at 2,263m around Chonji Lake. Rhododendron aureum, Thunbergii coccinea and V accinium uliginosum showed higher cover degree than other species at 2,370m area, Phyllodoce coerulea-Rhododendron aureum community at 2,400m, Rhododendron redowskianum community at 2,470m, Rhododendron aureum community at 2,490m, Salix rotundifolia at 2,520m, Rhododendron redowskianum community at 2,580m, Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community, Salix rotundifolia, and bistorta achotensis etc. at 2,650 altitude area were settled as sparse, creeping shape on the surface soil and dwarf plants of about 15cm heights.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.508-510
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• 1998

This study was carried out to establish the in vitro culture system of potato germplasms for minimizing the occurrence of variation and maximizing the culture period. We used osmoticum such as sorbitol or mannitol with sucrose in the absence of plant growth regulators. The growth of potato germplasms in the medium containing osmoticum was increased when the growth temperature was lowered. After six months storage in low temperature, plant heights of tetraploid was somewhat higher than those of diploid with the exception of stn-16 and the difference due to media was not observed. But after twelve months storage, survival rates of plants cultured in LSM 1(sucrose and sorbitol) was higher than those of plants cultured in LSM 2(sucrose and mannitol). The survival rate of stn-16, diploid wild species, was approximately 75% and it was considerably high. In Atlantic, tetraploid cultivated variety, every individual was survived.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.3 s.68
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• pp.183-189
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• 1986

Fifty three diseased root samples of Chinese cabbage and 22 soil samples were taken from six alpine areas in Kangwon province to examine the organisms causing root rot of Chinese cabbage. Among thirteen microorganisms detected from diseased roots samples, Pythium ultimum, Pythium echinocarpum and Rhizoctonia solani were detected frequently and were pathogenic to Chinese cabbage. Five to 100% of young Chinese cabbage plants grown in the sample soils taken from alpine cabbage fields were infected either alone or together with P. ultimum, P. echinocarpum and R. solani, depending upon the or gin of sample soils. When relative density of the three organsims in the sample soils was estimated based on the infection frequency on the plants grown in those sample soils, P. ultimum was prevalent only in Chahang-i-li area. P. echinocarpum was prevalent in Yongsan-il-li, Hoengwe-li, and Munmaek areas. R. solani was solely found in Maebongsan area where both P. ultimum and P. echinocarpum were not detected. In the three areas where both P. ultimum and P. echinocarpum were present, density of P. echinocarpum was generally greater than that of P. ultimum. Seedlings of thirty major Chinese cabbage varieties were inoculated independently with the three organisms in the greenhouse. Six varieties were resistant to P. ultimum. Three and two varieties were moderately resistant to P. ultimum and P. echinocarpum, respectively. All varieties were highly susceptible to R. solani.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1992

The reconstruction of the vegetational and environmental history of the Korean peninsula by the use of various fossil floral data from the Carboniferous period to the Pre-Holocene is reviewed. Though the oldest plant fossil in Korea (Neuropteris) dates back to the Carboniferous period, the first appearance of many of the present-day floristic genera indeed dates back to the Oligocene (c. 40 to 20 million years B.P.), and includes many thermophilous genera. The presence of thermophilous genera in the Oligocene at up to four degrees north of their present distributional limits implies that the climate of the Oligocene was warmer than that of today. The occurrence of similar thermophilous floristic element at up to six degrees north of their present range during the Middle Miocene suggests a maximum northward expansion of warmth-loving evergreen broadleaved vegetation for, recent Korean vegetation history. The continued occurrence of numerous present-day genera since the Oligocene period indicates a long-term stability of Korean vegetation, along with minor fluctuations within it. The admixture of evergreen coniferous plants and deciduous breadleaved plants, however, indicates a probable temperate climate for much of the Middle Pleistocene. There are couple of evidences which are indicative of an early-stage anthropogenic disturbance of natural vegetation during the Middle Pleistocene of Korea. The presence of cold-episodes during the Upper Pleistocene caused a general expansion of deciduous plants and cryophilous evergreen coniferous, plants. It is likely that the maximum southward expansion of cryophilous arctic-alpine and alpine floras in Korea occured during the penultimate glacial period. The disappearance of some cryophilous genera from 10,000 years B.P. marks the continued climatic amelioration since then, along with minor climatic fluctuations during the Holocene period.