• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2007

For decades, the various virtues of ${\alpha}-lipoic$ acid (ALA), a natural material synthesized in most cells, have been intensively studied and proved. Recently it was reported that ALA caused significant bodyweight reduction via appetite suppression. Unfortunately, the efficacy requires an administration over 50 mg/kg. The low bioavailability and the short plasma half life of ALA lead us to explore novel pharmaceutical dosage forms using nanoparticles. In this study, the effect of polymeric stabilizers on the bioavailability improvement of ALA nanoparticles was investigated. The reduction of particle size via nano-comminution technology was successful resulting in volume average particle sizes of 320 - 340 nm. The in vitro release rate of ALA did not reflect the decrease of particle size, possibly because of the self polymerization of ALA during nano-comminution. The type of polymeric stabilizers could not affect the release rate either. However, the in vivo food intake results of ALA showed that nano-suspensions were more effective than microparticles or a salt form. The nano-suspension containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone as the primary stabilizer and polyacrylic acid as the secondary stabilizer showed more improved efficacy for 2 hours.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.144-155
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• 2024

Objectives: This study evaluated dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids in Korean adolescents. Methods: This study was comprised of 3,932 adolescents (9-18 years) who participated in the 2016-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA) were evaluated using data obtained from one-day 24-hour dietary recall. The proportions of adolescents consuming ALA, EPA + DHA, and LA above or below the adequate intake (AI) of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans were calculated. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sample weights. Results: The mean intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, and LA among Korean adolescents were 1.29 g/day, 69.6 mg/day, 166.0 mg/day, and 11.1 g/day, respectively. Boys had higher intakes of all essential fatty acids compared to girls. By age group, adolescents aged 15-18 years showed lower intakes of EPA and DHA compared to adolescents in younger age groups. The 9-11-year-old adolescents had lower intakes of ALA and LA than older adolescents. The proportions of adolescents who consumed more than AI were 35.7% for ALA, 30.4% for EPA + DHA, and 41.5% for LA. Adherence to the AI for ALA did not differ by sex or age group, although boys showed a lower adherence to the AI for EPA + DHA than girls. Major food sources for ALA and LA were plant-based oils, mayonnaise, pork, and eggs. Mackerel was the most significant contributor to EPA and DHA intake (EPA, 22.6%; DHA, 22.2%), followed by laver, squid, and anchovy. Conclusions: The proportion of Korean adolescents who consumed EPA + DHA more than AI was low. Our findings highlight that nutrition education emphasizing an intake of essential fatty acids from healthy food sources is needed among Korean adolescents.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.111-142
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• 1972

청국장(淸國醬)메주 발효과정중(醱酵過程中) 경시적(輕時的)인 시료(試料)를 체취(採取)하여 cross linkage가 각각(各各) 다른 5개(個)의 Dowex-50 resin을 충전(充塡)한 column을 통과(通過)시켜 얻은 Dowex-50의 X-16 fraction의 저급(低級) peptide의 종류(種類)를 구명(究明)하는 동시(同時)에 청국장(淸國醬)메주발효과정중(醱酵過程中)에 생성(生成)되는 저급(低級) peptide의 N-terminal amino acid 와 C-terminal amino acid를 동정(同定)하고 각(各) peptide 군(群)의 구성(構成) amino acid의 종류(種類)를 결정(決定)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 각(各) peptide군(群)의 N 및 C-terminal amino acid 와 구성(構成)아미노산(酸은) 다음과 같다. [P]-I. Pro (Cys Ala Asp Trp Ile Val) Glu [P]-II. Val (His Arg Glu Thr Ala Met) Asp [P]-III. Glu (Cys Lys Asp Thr Met) Ala [P]-IV. Glu(His Ser Ala) Met) [P]-V. Ile (Cys Asp Arg Gly Pro T.p Phe) His [P]-VI. Gly(Asp ser) Lys [P]-VII. Thr(Pro Tyr Phe) Asp [P]-VIII. Phe(Tyr Leu Ile) Val [P]-IX. Trp (Phe lle) Thr [P]-X. Ile (Arg Leu) Phe [P]-XI. Asp (Lys His Ser Gly Glu Pro) Ala [P]-XII. Glu (Cys Asp Gly) Ser [P]-XIII. Ala (Arg Tyr) Glu [P]-XIV. Met (Glu Ala) His 2. 청국장(淸國醬)메주 발효과정중(醱酵過程中)의 경시적(輕時的)인 시료(試料)의 각저급(各低級) peptide 군(群)에는 2종(種), 3종(種) 및 6종(種)의 아미노산(酸)으로 되어있는 peptidessm 찾아볼 수 없으며 구성(構成) 아미노산(酸)도 $4{\sim}9$종의 아미노산(酸)으로 결합(結合)되어 있는 peptide 군(群)들의 혼합물(混合物)로 되어 있다. 3. Bacillus Subtilis K-27 균주(菌株)의 protease는 그 작용(作用) specificity가 Aspergillus soya 나 pepsin, chymotrypsin 및 trysin 보다 넓다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2007

본 연구는 델타-이미노레블린산(ALA)의 급여가 산란계의 생산성 및 계란 품질에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위하여 시험을 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 30주령 ISA Brown 144수를 공시하였으며 28일간 실시하였다. 시험 설계는 1) CON (기초 사료), 2) 0.05(기초 사료 + ALA 0.05%) 3) 0.1(기초 사료 + ALA 0.1%) 및 4) 0.2(기초 사료 + ALA 0.2%)로 4개 처리를 하여 처리당 4반복, 반복당 12수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 전체 사양 시험 기간 동안, 델타-아미노레블린산의 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 산란율의 감소가 나타났으나, 0.2% 첨가 수준에서 다시 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(quadratic effect, P=0.01). 난중은 델타-아미노레블린산의 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 무게가 증가하였다(linear effect, P=0.01; quadratic effect, P=0.01). 난황색은 전체 사양 시험 기간 동안, 0.1% 첨가 수준까지 난황색이 높아지다가 0.2% 첨가 수준에서 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다(quadratic effect, P=0.03). 델타-아미노레블린산의 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 혈액 내 hemoglobin 농도가 유의적으로 증가하였다(linear effect, P= 0.01). 결론적으로, 산란계에 델타-아미노레블린산의 급여는 난중 및 난황색 그리고 혈액 내 hemoglobin 농도를 증가시키는 것으로 사료된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.685-696
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a heme precursor, on inflammatory and oxidative stress activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages by estimating nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also evaluated the molecular mechanisms through analysis of the expression of their regulatory genes, and further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of ALA against LPS in the zebrafish model. Our results indicated that ALA treatment significantly attenuated the LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators including NO and PGE2, which was associated with decreased inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. ALA also inhibited the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, reducing their extracellular secretion. Additionally, ALA abolished ROS generation, improved the mitochondrial mass, and enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the activation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, zinc protoporphyrin, a specific inhibitor of HO-1, reversed the ALA-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines production and activation of mitochondrial function in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, ALA significantly abolished the expression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and showed strong protective effects against NO and ROS production in zebrafish larvae. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ALA exerts LPS-induced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, and that ALA can be a potential functional agent to prevent inflammatory and oxidative damage.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2014

The performance of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM) in terms of torque and power factor depends on the two-axis inductances $L_d$ and $L_q$ of the machine. The Axially Laminated Anisotropic (ALA) rotor should be proposed in an effort to increase the $L_d/L_q$ ratio and the $L_d-L_q$ difference to secure high torque density and high power factor. So, ALA rotor is suitable for high speed instruments. This paper deals with optimum design of Axially Laminated Anisotropic Synchronous Reluctance Motor (ALA-SynRM) and comparison of characteristics with induction motor. Coupled Finite Element Methodology (FEM) & Response Surface Methodology (RSM) have been used to evaluate optimum design solutions. Comparisons are given with characteristics of a same rated wattage induction motor and those of ALA-SynRM respectively.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.96-100
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• 2017

Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of amebiasis. Amebiasis, a parasitic infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica, used to be a prevalent protozoan disease in Korea, however, with an improving sanitary system, it has been among very uncommon etiology of liver abscess. A recent report suggested that ALA is an emerging parasitic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients even in areas where the disease is not endemic and recommended HIV screening in patients in areas where ALA is not endemic, particularly those without history of travel to a disease-endemic area. We report on two patients who were admitted for treatment of ALA and then diagnosed as HIV infection. We also reviewed the etiology and characteristics of ALA in our hospital during the last 5 years.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1445-1452
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• 2015

In these days, fluorescent materials such as ICG or 5-ALA is used for the brain surgery. The patients who underwent brain tumor surgery has been increased during last 30 years and the survivorship rate increased 22∼33% in 5 years. Recently, the Fluorescence induction surgery is developed for more safety and improved the resection rate for the glioma in the neurosurgery field. In this study, we proposed fluorescence area detection method for ICG and 5-ALA fluorescence induced surgery using acquired images from image processing. Accuracy was 99.21% from ICG images, and 99.51% from 5-ALA images. Matthews correlation coefficient was 88.67% from ICG images, and 90.49% from 5-ALA images.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.429-433
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• 2014

To identify sequences of Entamoeba histolytica associated with the development of amebic liver abscess (ALA) in hamsters, subtractive hybridization of cDNA from E. histolytica HM-1:IMSS under 2 growth conditions was performed: 1) cultured in axenic medium and 2) isolated from experimental ALA in hamsters. For this procedure, 6 sequences were obtained. Of these sequences, the mak16 gene was selected for amplification in 29 cultures of E. histolytica isolated from the feces of 10 patients with intestinal symptoms and 19 asymptomatic patients. Only 5 of the 10 isolates obtained from symptomatic patients developed ALA and amplified the mak16 gene, whereas the 19 isolates from asymptomatic patients did not amplify the mak16 gene nor did they develop ALA. Based on the results of Fisher's exact test (P<0.001), an association was inferred between the presence of the mak16 gene of E. histolytica and the ability to develop ALA in hamsters and with the patient's symptoms (P=0.02). The amplification of the mak16 gene suggests that it is an important gene in E. histolytica because it was present in the isolates from hamsters that developed liver damage.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2017

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a biological membranes compound. As the antioxidant, it decreases the oxidized forms of other antioxidant substances such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione (GSH). To examine the effect of ALA on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes, we investigated intracellular GSH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and subsequent embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA). Intracellular GSH levels in oocytes treated with 50uM ALA increased significantly (P < 0.05) and exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in intracellular ROS levels compared with the control group. Oocytes matured with 50 uM of ALA during IVM displayed significantly higher cleavage rates (67.8% vs. 83.4%, respectively), and higher blastocyst formation rates and total cell number of blastocysts after PA (31.6%, 58.49 vs. 46.8%, 68.58, respectively) than the control group. In conclusion, these results suggest that treatment with ALA during IVM improves the cytoplasmic maturation of porcine oocytes by increasing the intracellular GSH levels, thereby decreasing the intracellular ROS levels and subsequent embryonic developmental potential of PA.