• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2011

Artemisia iwayomogi, a member of the Compositae, is a perennial herb easily found in Korea and used as a traditional medicine to treat liver disease. AIP1, a water-soluble carbohydrate fraction from Artemisia iwayomogi, showed anti-tumor and immuno-modulating activities in animal studies. A subacute toxicological evaluation of AIP1 was performed for 4 weeks in ICR mice. After administration of AIP1 (0, 20, 100, 500 mg/kg/day), the clinical signs, mortalities, body weight changes, hematology, blood clinical biochemistry, urinalysis, organ histopathology, organ weights and gross finding were examined. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight changes, food intakes, water consumptions, or organ weights among different dose groups. Also we observed no death and abnormal clinical signs during the experimental period. Between the groups orally treated with AIP1 and the control group, there was no statistical significance in hematological test or serum biochemical values. Histopathological examination showed no abnormal changes in AIP1 groups. These results suggest that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the oral administration of AIP1 for 4 weeks was considered to be more than 500 mg/kg/day in mice under the condition investigated in current study.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.119-125
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• 2010

We investigated the effects of a hot-water extract of Artemisia iwayomogi, a plant belonging to family Compositae, on cardiac ventricular delayed rectifier $K^+$ current ($I_K$) using the patch clamp technique. The carbohydrate fraction AIP1 dose-dependently increased the heart rate with an apparent $EC_{50}$ value of $56.1{\pm}5.5\;{\mu}g/ml$. Application of AIP1 reduced the action potential duration (APD) in concentration-dependent fashion by activating $I_K$ without significantly altering the resting membrane potential ($IC_{50}$ value of $APD_{50}$: $54.80{\pm}2.24$, $IC_{50}$ value of $APD_{90}$: $57.45{\pm}3.47\;{\mu}g/ml$). Based on the results, all experiments were performed with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of AIP1. Pre-treatment with the rapidly activating delayed rectifier $K^+$ current ($I_{Kr}$) inhibitor, E-4031 prolonged APD. However, additional application of AIP1 did not reduce APD. The inhibition of slowly activating delayed rectifier $K^+$ current ($I_{Ks}$) by chromanol 293B did not change the effect of AIP1. AIP1 did not significantly affect coronary arterial tone or ion channels, even at the highest concentration of AIP1. In summary, AIP1 reduces APD by activating $I_{Kr}$ but not $I_{Ks}$. These results suggest that the natural product AIP1 may provide an adjunctive therapy of long QT syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.105-119
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• 2024

Purpose: The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is gaining recognition as a superior predictor of coronary artery disease. This study examined the relationship between the AIP and the intake of various food groups in Korean adults, using the baseline data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-The Health Examinees (KoGES-HEXA) study. Methods: This study included 133,381 adults (46,288 men, 87,093 women) who completed the nutrition survey and biochemical tests of the KoGES-HEXA study. The AIP was calculated as the log (triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) and was divided into quintiles according to sex for further analysis. Data on food group intake were obtained using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and daily food group intake (g/d) was evaluated for each individual. The association between the food group intake and the AIP was examined using the linear regression analysis after adjusting for the confounding variables. Results: In this study population, there was a positive correlation between energy intake and the AIP in men whereas an inverse assocation was shown in women (p < 0.001). In women, a rise in the AIP significantly correlated with an increased percentage of energy intake derived from carbohydrates but decreased percentages of energy from protein and fat (p < 0.001). In men and women, the consumption of grains and kimchi/pickles increased as the AIP rose, while the intake of legumes, nuts, meat and its products, eggs, fish, and milk and dairy products decreased. Among men, individuals in the highest AIP group showed higher intake of wheat products than those in the lowest group of the AIP. In women, the AIP was inversely correlated with potatoes and beverages consumption. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of a balanced diet, including various protein sources, milk and dairy products, legumes, and nuts, for preventing cardiovascular diseases. Further research into sex-specific dietary patterns is essential for tailoring appropriate dietary recommendations.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.303-313
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the relevance of cardiovascular disease risk factors AI and AIP, divided into three groups, among 300 individuals who underwent health checkups at the hospital. Various variables such as Age, Sex, BMI, WC, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBS, HbA1C, SBP, DBP, HR, AI (TC/HDL-C), and AIP (log(TG/HDL-C)) were analyzed using statistical methods including frequency analysis, cross-tabulation, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. The cross-analysis based on cardiovascular disease risk criteria revealed that men and individuals in their 50s had higher cardiovascular disease risk based on AI and AIP. Significant differences were observed in TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, SBP, DBP, AI (TC/HDL-C), and AIP (log(TG/HDL-C)) according to AI criteria. For the AIP criteria, TG, TC, HDL-C, FBS, HbA1C, HR, AI (TC/HDL-C), and AIP (log(TG/HDL-C)) were identified as cardiovascular disease risk factors. FBS and HbA1c showed the highest positive correlation In the correlation analysis, followed by TC and LDL-C. The lowest positive correlation was observed between LDL-C and DBP. In terms of negative correlation, HDL-C and AI had the highest negative correlation, while LDL-C and TG showed the lowest negative correlation. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the AI and AIP risk criteria had explanatory powers of 73.6% and 72.5%, respectively. HDL-C had the greatest negative effect on the AI risk criterion, while TG had the most significant influence on the AIP risk criterion. In conclusion, while other serological variables are important, managing HDL-C and TG levels may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2003

A polysaccharide fraction, AIP1, purified from Artemisia iwayomogi was shown to have immunomodulating and anti-tumor activities in mice. In order to determine how the AIP1 fraction exhibits the immunomodulating activity, the effect of the fraction on the apoptosis of mouse spleen cells was investigated. Treatment of the mouse spleen cells with the AIP1 fraction resulted ,in the suppression of apoptotic death and an extension of cell survival in culture, indicating that the fraction might modulate the death of spleen cells. Treatment of the mice with the AIP1 fraction in vivo also resulted in less apoptosis of the spleen cells, which indicates the physiological relevance of the anti-apoptosis effect of the fraction in vitro. A mouse gene array was used to determine the profile of the gene expression change showing a pattern of up- and down-regulated genes by the AIP1 treatment. This study provides preliminary information regarding the immunomodulatory mechanism of the AIP1 fraction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.168-183
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• 2023

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of death not only in Korea but also worldwide. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been extensively investigated, but studies on nutritional intake and eating habits are scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the general characteristics, dietary habits, and nutritional status of Korean adults based on their AIP values using data from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: A total number of 3,040 adults in their 20s and 30s were included as study subjects. They were divided into quintiles according to their AIP values. Comparisons were then made among the general information, eating habits, and nutritional intake statuses of the groups. Results: The averages of AIP were different by age, obese status, education, occupation, alcohol drinking frequency, smoking, and exercise in men. As for women, the averages of AIP were different by age, obese status, education, occupation, alcohol drinking frequency, and smoking status. Except for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, higher AIP values in men were associated with significant increasing trends in health indicators, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. As for women, as AIP increased, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol showed significant increasing trends except HDL-cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol showed a significant decreasing trend as AIP increased in men and women. In the high AIP group of women, the frequency of breakfast was lower, whereas the frequency of alcohol beverage consumption was higher. Conclusion: Among young adults, the risk of arteriosclerosis was higher in obese, smoking, and non-exercise individuals. More frequent alcohol drink consumption in women is associated with a higher risk of arteriosclerosis. Therefore, weight and lifestyle management are necessary for the prevention of atherosclerosis among young adults.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.519-528
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• 2002

Background : Steroid therapy has been shown to improve the clinical outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients with histological evidence of fibroproliferation in the lung tissue and no identifiable source of infection. Because the histopathological features of acute interstitial pneumonia(AIP) are identical with that of ARDS, early steroid therapy was used in AIP patients who had histological evidence of fibroproliferation in the lung tissue and no identifiable source of infection. We analyzed seven years of our experience to evaluate the efficacy of early steroid therapy in AIP. Materials and Methods : A retrospective review was performed on AIP patients who received steroid therapy within 7 days of mechanical ventilatory support in Dankook university Hospital between May 1995 and May 2002. AIP was diagnosed clinically by ARDS without a known cause of the etiology and pathologically by a lung biopsy showing a fibroproliferative stage of diffuse alveolar damage. The clinical response and physiologic parameters were evaluated during steroid therapy. Results : Five AIP patients received intravenous methylprednisolone (1-2 mg/kg every 6 hours) after $0.6{\pm}1.7$ days of mechanical ventilatory support. Lung biopsies were performed after $1.8{\pm}1.4$ days of mechanical ventilatory support. Four patients(80%) survived and were extubated after $2.8{\pm}0.4$ days of steroid therapy with improvement in the $PaO_2/FiO_2$ ratio ($127.4{\pm}10.0$ at day 0 to $223.8{\pm}37.6$ at day 7) by steroid therapy. However, one patient(20%) died of respiratory failure after 15 days of steroid therapy. Conclusion : Early steroid therapy sppears to be beneficial in AIP patients without evidence of infection. However, as our study group was too small, further large scale studies to define the effectiveness of steroids are required.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2002

Methanol extract of Lonicera Japonica (Caprifoiaceae) flower significantly inhibited serum GPT, GOT, LDH and AIP activities at the doses of 500 and 1,000mg／kg in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. As confirmed with the fiactions of hexane, chlorofom, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, the butanol fraction showed significant inhibition of increased activity of serum GPT, LDH and AIP in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats, indicating that the most active components might be contained in the butanol fraction.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2012

The LSA system in Korea was introduced for the development of the aerial sporting and recreational activities. For the development of the aerial sporting and recreational activities, multi-faceted effort is needed. We discussed only for the Aeronautical Information of the aerial sporting and recreational activities. In this study, we surveyed the status of aerial sporting and recreational activities in Korea, and international AIP(Aeronautical Information Publications). We introduced the development plans for the information service of aerial sporting and recreational activities in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

The oral administration of Aurantii nobilis pericarpium (ANP) extract and Aurantii immaturi pericarpium (AIP) extract suppressed the cell viability of both thymocytes and splenocytes in BALB/c mice. The ANP extract (500 mg/kg) enhanced the population of $B220^+$ cells, and the AIP also enhanced the population of B220+ and Thy-1+ cells in splenocytes. The AIP extract enhanced the population of $CD4-CD8^+$ cells in splenic T-lymphocytes. However, the ANP did not affect, whereas the AIP enhanced the phagocytic activity and the nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages.