• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.413-426
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• 2009

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of indigenous bacteria on geochemical behavior of toxic heavy metals in contaminated paddy soil near an abandoned mine. The effects of sulfate amendment to stimulate microbial sulfate reduction on heavy metal behaviors were also investigated. Batch-type experiments were performed with lactate or glucose as a carbon source to activate indigenous bacteria in the soil under anaerobic condition for 100 days. Sulfate (250 mg/L) was artificially injected at 60 days after the onset of the experiments. In the case of glucose supply, solution pH increased from 4.8 to 7.6 while pH was maintained at 7~8 in the lactate solution. The initial low pH in the case of glucose supply likely resulted in the enhanced extraction of Fe and most heavy metals at the initial experimental period. Lactate supply exerted no significant difference on the amounts of dissolved Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu between microbial and abiotic control slurries; however, lower Zn, Pb and Ni and higher Cu concentrations were observed in the microbial slurries than in the controls when glucose supplied. Sulfate amendment led to dramatic decrease in dissolved Cr and maintenance of dissolved As, both of which had gradually increased over time till the sulfate injection. Black precipitates formed in solution after sulfate amendment, and violarite($Fe^{+2}{Ni^{+3}}_2S_4$) was found with XRD analysis in the microbial precipitates. Conceivably the mineral might be formed after Fe(III) reduction and microbial sulfate reduction with coprecipitation of heavy metal. The results suggested that heavy metals which can be readily extracted from contaminated paddy soils may be stabilized in soil formation by microbial sulfate reduction.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

This study was carried out in 2010 to investigate the utilization and forage quality of native grasses, such as $Phragmites$ $communis$ which might reduce the cost of feeding domestic cattle. The regions surveyed were the Haenam ranch in Haenam, Pyeongchang, Wonju, and Yeonggwang. In Haenam, yearly silage production harvested from 300 ha was 2,000 MT (7 MT/ha). All of those round bale silages were self-consumed in that region, and marketing price was 50,000~55,000 won per roll (110 won/kg). $Phragmites$ $communis$ of 150 cm in length contained 8.4% crude protein (CP) with relative feed value (RFV) 71.9 and 60.1% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), which was somewhat more favorable than forage quality of rice straw. The silage quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ varied greatly by the time of harvest (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, and IVDMD 41.9~53.9%), even with the same district and of the same original forage materials. Generally, the quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ silage of was poorer than that of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid. In Pyeongchang, forage quality of $Phragmites$ $communis$ was decreased from 13.9% to 7.6% in CP, 90.7 to 76.1 in RFV, and 72.9% to 54.7% in IVDMD, as plant was getting mature, from 79 cm to 117 cm, 121 cm or to 142 cm in length. In Wonju, the quality values of $Phragmites$ $communis$ of 130 cm in length were 8.5% CP, 82.3 RFV and 70.2% IVDMD, while those of matured grasses of 220 cm in length were lower (10.2% CP, 65.1 RFV and 48.9% IVDMD), but this was a little more favorable than quality of rice straw. In Yeonggwang, feeding $Phragmites$ $communis$ was tried in a Hanwoo feed, but stopped due to low profitability. In conclusion, the overall quality of most native grasses including $Phragmites$ $communis$ in this survey was poor. Therefore, we recommend that $Phragmites$ $communis$ and native grasses should be harvested on June or July to obtain richer forage quality in forage values than rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2010

Jinpi(Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium) is one of the most important material of oriental herbal medicine which is made from the peel of mandarin by washing with hot water and drying. Pesticides have necessarily used for mandarin cultivation according to their preharvest intervals (PHIs) but their maximum residue limits (MRLs) and PHIs for Jinpi are not established yet. This study is to know residue amount of organophosphorus insecticides in Jinpi and to establish the MRLs and PHIs for fenitrothion and phenthoate in Jinpi. Fenitrothion was sprayed once, twice and three times with 7 days interval before harvest. Its residue amount ranged from 0.14 to 1.17 mg/kg in mandarin, 0.59 to 4.02 mg/kg in its peel and 1.66 to 22.38 mg/kg in Jinpi. In case of phenthoate, it was sprayed with 10 days interval for 10 days before harvest. Its residue amounts in mandarin, its peel, and Jinpi ranged from 0.16 to 0.65, 0.69 to 2.41 and 1.69 to 11.3 mg/kg, repectively. Proposed MRLs of fenitrothion and phenthoate for Jinpi are suggested to 22.39 and 11.30 mg/kg, respectively. So we recommend PHIs of the pesticides that fenitrothion can be sprayed 3 times 7 days before harvest and in case of phenthoate, sprayed 3 times 10 days before harvest.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2007

This study was performed to anticancer activities and immune modulatary activities according to the parts of the S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. The cytotoxicity on human kidney cell (HEK 293) was showed below 27.4% in adding the methanol extracts. The anticancer activity were increased in over 60% by barks extracts in AGS and MCF-7 cells. The immune cell growth using human immune B and T cells was improved by the barks extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. in adding 1.0mg/ml concentration. The secretion of the IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ from human immune B and T cells was showed secretion for the amount of cytokines by bark extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. NK cell growth was increased against control all of the extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. Densitometric analysis of Bcl-2 revealed that possible to decrease potentialities of taking cancer in adding of extracts from S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. From the results, the roots and barks extracts of S. japonica Sieb. et Zucc. were showed useful biological activities.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 1984

Seven seed samples of corn obtained from Kangweon Provincial Office of Rural Development, Kerea were tested for seed-borne fungi, and found that all the samples tested were infected with Fusarium moniliforme to an extent of $6.0{\sim}79.5%$. Severely infected seed samples showed poor germination on blotter. Seed component plating showed that the fungus present not only in tip caps, pericarps and endosperms, but also in embryos. Heavy infection of the fungus caused severe seed rot and seedling blight in soil, but the damage was not severe and many plants grew without any symptoms when the seeds with light infection were sown in soil. However the fungus was frequently detected from inside of the stems of healthy looking seedlings. The results indicate that the fungus transmit from seed to plant systemically. In inoculation experiments, the fungus produced stem rots on corn plants of 110 days old. The cultivar of Hwangok 3 was revealed more susceptible to the fungus than that of Suweon 19.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the implant recipient site preparation methods on primary stability of implants with the instruments of $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ in the iliac bone of cadaver. Methods and materials: The 8 iliac bones in 4 cadavers and implants treated with resorbable blasting media (RBM) were used. $Periotest^{(R)}$ (Simens AG, Germany) and $Osstell^{TM}$ (Model 6 Resonance Frequency Analyser: Integration Diagnostics Ltd., Sweden) were used to measure primary stability of implants. Implants were inserted into the iliac crest of the cadaver. In control group, the recipient site was prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendation: 1.8 mm guide drill, 2.0 mm initial drill, 2.7 mm pilot drill, 2.7 mm twist drill, 3.0 mm twist drill, 3.3 mm pilot drill, 3.3 mm twist drill, and 3.3 mm countersink drill as well as tapping drill were used in order. In the group 1, implant recipient sites were prepared by sequentially drilling from 1.8 mm guide drill to 3.0 mm twist drill and then inserted implants without countersinking and tapping. In the group 2, implant recipient sites were prepared to 3.0 mm twist drill and countersink drill and then inserted implants without tapping. In the group 3, the sites were prepared to 3.0 mm twist drill and countersink drill as well as tapping drill. In the group 4, the sites were prepared to 3.3 mm twist drill. In the group 5, the sites were prepared to 3.3 mm twist drill and countersink drill. A total of 60 implants were placed (n=10). The stability was measured using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ mesiodistally and buccolingually. To compare the mean stability of each group statistically, One-way ANOVA was used and correlation of instrument were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The stability of group 1 measured using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ buccolingually showed the highest, and there are significant difference statistically between control group and experimental group 1,2,4 in each instruments respectively (p<0.05). 2. The stability of group 1 measured using $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ mesiodistally showed the highest. There are significant difference statistically between control group and all experimental groups in $Osstell^{TM}$, and between control group and experimental group 1,2,3,4 (p<0.05). 3. There are high correlation between the measurements of $Osstell^{TM}$ and $Periotest^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that the primary stability of implant can be obtained by the recipient sites preparation with smaller diameter drill than that of implant or minimal drilling.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2008

In this study, crude extracts of the halophyte Limonium tetragonum and their solvent fractions were evaluated on anticancer activity in AGS and HT-29 human cancer cells using MTT assay. Each of the crude extracts (MeOH and $CH_2Cl_2$) of Limonium tetragonum showed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of human cancer cells. The combined crude extracts of MeOH and $CH_2Cl_2$ were partitioned between $CH_2Cl_2$ and water. The organic layer was further partitioned between 85% aq. MeOH and n-hexane, and then the aqueous layer was fractionated with n-BuOH and $H_2O$, successively. Growth inhibition effects of crude extracts and their solvent fractions from Limonium tetragonum increased in a dose-dependent manner. Among them, 85% aq. MeOH, n-hexane and n-BuOH fractions revealed very good inhibition effects on the growth of human cancer cells. These results suggest that we can isolate active compounds from Limonium tetragonum to show much more strong anticancer activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.156-168
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• 2012

Chrysanthemum is a cut flower species that normally lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, in some cases 3-4 weeks. This has been attributed to low ethylene production during senescence. Reduction in cut flower quality has been attributed to the formation of air embolisms that partially or completely blocks the water transport from the vase solution to the rest of the cut flower stem, increasing hydraulic resistance which may cause severe water stress, yellowing, wilting of leaf, and chlorophyll degradation. Standard type chrysanthemum can be harvested when buds were still tightly closed and then fully opened with the simple bud-opening solution. Standard type chrysanthemum can also be harvested when the minimum size of the inflorescence is about 5-6 cm bud which opened into the first flower full-sized flower. While spray varieties can be harvested when 2-4 most mature flowers have opened (40% opening). Cut flowers are sorted by stem length, weight, condition, and so on. Standard chrysanthemum is 80 cm length for standard type and 70cm for spray type. Pre-treatment with a STS, plant regulator such as GA, BA, 1-MCP, chrysal, germicide, and sucrose, significantly improved the vase life and quality of cut flowers. It is well established that vase solutions containing sugar can improve the vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum is normally packed in standard horizontal fiberboard boxes. Chrysanthemum should normally be stored at $5{\sim}7^{\circ}C$. Precooling resulted in reduction in respiration, decomposition, and transpiration activities as well as decoloration retardation. There was significant difference between "wet" storage in 3 weeks and "dry" storage in 2 weeks. In separate pulsing solution trials, various germicides were tested, as well as PGRs to maintain the green color of leaves and turgidity. Prolonging vase life was attained with the application of optimal solution such as HQS, $AgNO_3$, GA, BA and sucrose. This also retarded senescence in leaves of cut flower stems. Fresh cut chrysanthemum can be transported using a refrigerated van with $5{\sim}7^{\circ}C$. Increasing consumption and usage of cut chrysanthemum of various cultivars would require efficient transport system, and effective information exchange among producer, wholesaler, and consumer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2012

This study was carried out to determine the harvest management during autumn on the forage production, quality and regrowth of following year of Phragmites communis as native grass. Field experiments were conducted in Ansan and in Cheonan from 2010 to 2011. Forages were cut at 3 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm in height as compared to control (no harvest) in Ansan plots, and forages grown in Cheonan plots were cut at 10 cm and 20 cm in height with control (no harvest). The forages were harvested one time on Oct 7, 2011 in Ansan, and were harvested twice on July 7 and on October 7 in Cheonan. In Ansan, dry matter (DM) yield of control plot the following year were higher than those from harvested plots. In vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields, however, were the same: 1,236 kg/ha from control, 1,234 kg from 15 cm cut and 1,241 kg from 25 cm cut plots, except that lower IVDDM yield from 3 cm cut plot than these were observed. Forage quality of control plot was poorer than those of harvested ones. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) of control were 39.98% and 65.3, respectively as compared to harvested plots (42.36~46.40% IVDMD and 67.8~72.5 RFV). Yield and quality from Cheonan plots were similar to those from Ansan plots. Annual yield in DM and in CP from control plot were a little higher than those from harvested plots. However, there were no difference found in IVDDM yield between 20 cm cut (5,354 kg/ha) and control (5,178 kg). But IVDDM of 10 cm cut forages was less (4,531 kg). Forage quality scores were better from 20 cm cut, and 10 cm cut plot than control, in order (p<0.05). The quality grades were the 5th and 6th for forages from harvested plots and control plot, respectively. Regrown Phragmites communis from all Cheonan plots ranked the 4th in forage quality. More than 70% of annual yield was observed from the first grown forages. One time harvest per year was desirable for following regrowth and long time stable production of Phragmites communis. We recommended that Phragmites communis be harvested once for more forage yield with higher quality, and that optimum cutting height is 15~20 cm.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

The biological activities of extracts from Rosa rugosae Radix were compared. About 78% of the growth of human hepato- carcinoma and 68% of human gastric cancer cell was inhibited in adding 0.5 mg/ml of the extracts of Rosa rugosae Radix respectively. The growth of human breast cancer cells was also inhibited in adding 0.5 mg/ml of the extracts as well as 66% of the human cancer cells. It was proved that the growth of human normal lung cell, scored as 20% for the extracts. Overall selectivity of the extracts on several human cancer cell line was over 4, which is higher than those from the Rosa rugosae Radix. The growth of both human immune B and T cells was enhanced up to 1.2 to 1.5 times by adding the extracts, compared to the controls. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha$(TNF-{\alpha})$ from T cell was also increased up to 61.9 pg/ml in adding the ethanol extract (0.5 mg/ml). Ethanol extract also increased up to about 61.3 pg/ml of interleukin-6(IL-6) from B cell.