• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.1147-1154
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• 1999

The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is the most widely used self-report instrument for the measurement of affect or mood in clinical and nonclinical populations. This paper reports on the translation and testing of a Korean version of the POMS. The translation involved three steps: translation, checking agreement, and panel discussions to arrive at consensus. Then, the Korean version of the POMS was tested with a sample of 47 healthy Koreans who lived in the U.S.; they completed the instrument in the morning, at the beginning of work and in the evening, at the end of work. Internal consistencies for the total scale and subscales were high (alphas ＝ .93 and .94). Face and content validity and the cultural relevance of the Korean version of the POMS were tested through review by five bilingual Korean nursing scholars who were familiar with Korean culture and with the current literature on affect, feeling or mood in both English and Korean. The Korean version of the POMS was then compared with the Haeok Fatigue Behavior Check-list and demonstrated with concurrent validity (r ＝ .87, p ＜ .001). Construct validity was established by demonstrating significant differences between the scores on the Fatigue and Vigor subscales (p ＜ .001) at the beginning work and at the end of work.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.64-73
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• 1997

Most of the municipal wastewater treatment plants operated in Korea are designed for high concentrations municipal sewage. However, activated sludge process employed by municipal wastewater treatment plant is operated at low organic loading. The objective of this study was to determine optimum operating condition of activated sludge process for treatment of low concentration municipal sewage. Three bench scale activated sludge reactors were operated to investigate the effect of HRT and SRT on the COD and TSS removal efficiency. The average concentration of TSS, SCOD, SBOD and TKN in influent were 118mg/l, 61mg/l, 21mg/l, and 12mg/l, respectively. The activated sludge reactors operated with various HRT and SRT showed about 89-93% TSS removal efficiency. HRT and SRT does not affect the TSS removal efficiency of actvatied sludge process significantly. However, HRT affected the SCOD removal efficiency slightly. As the HRT decreases from 13hours to 3hours, the SCOD removal efficiency decreases from 67% to 56%. The average effluent TCOD concentration of the reactor operated with 3hours of HRT was approximatly 40-45mg/l. Kinetic coefficient yield (Yt) and decay coefficients(Kd) were 0.594-0.954 mgMLVSS/mgCOD and $0.0197-0.0317day^{-1}$, respectively. Low concentration municipal sewage can be treated with 3 hours of HRT without effluent quality deterioration and SRT does not affect the substrate removal efficiency at this operation condition.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analyze a causal relations of children's self-control, self-concept, reflection, age, sex and mother's parenting. The subjects were 86 children of 5-and 6-year=olds, and their mothers and leachers. The instruments were TSCRS, MFFT, Self-concept inventory and Parenting scale. The major findings of this study were as follows; (1) Children's reflection, social self-concept and mother's control parenting predicted children's self-control. 20% of the valiance of children's self-control was explained by these variables. (2) Children's reflection was the first contribution factor and had a direct positive effect on children's self-control. Children's social self-concept had a direct positive effect on children's self-control. Mother's control parenting had a direct negative effect on children's self-control. (3) Mother's affect parenting had an indirect positive effect through children's reflection and social self-concept on children's self-control. Children's sex had indirect effect through mother's control and affect parenting on children's self control. Children's age had indirect effect through children's reflection and mother's control parenting on children's self-control.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.163-177
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• 2007

This research is the concept of a game addiction absorbed in the game based on the review and analysis of factors that affect the characteristics of game addiction, it is appropriate to extract the purpose of factors. Game addiction factor is composed of a total of 32 questions, and a total of 356 people, to collect data through surveys. Factor analysis of the collected data to the target as a result of physical and mental problems, loss of control, tolerance, and avoidance of real world consists of three sub-factors. Factors that affect flow of tolerance and loss of control, and avoid the real world, including two sub-factors that could determine. Diagnostic game addiction factor in the reliability coefficients (Cronbach alpha) is a robust .966 aspects in the event. The game addiction scale score of 90-game addiction by category 'regular user', 90 points and 114 between the terms 'potentially dangerous user' and 13 percent of the overall. Finally, more than 115 points in the 'high-risk user' has been classified as 5% of the overall distribution of the notice that. Such factors extract game is a game addict, addicted users of the game and tend to properly evaluate and navigate game addiction-related problems early in the game addiction and found it could be used properly.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.485-496
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• 2021

This study explores the direct relationship between challenge and hindrance demands affecting autonomous extrinsic motivation and sales performance. In addition, we examine the mediating role of autonomous extrinsic motivation in the relationship between challenge demands, hindrance demands, and sales performance. This study explores the direct relationship between challenge and hindrance demands affecting autonomous extrinsic motivation and sales performance. In addition, we examine the mediating role of autonomous extrinsic motivation in the relationship between challenge demands, hindrance demands, and sales performance. This study proceeded in two phases comprising preliminary and prime research. First, preliminary quantitative research was conducted through face-to-face interviews with 125 observations to analyze the reliability of the scale and exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the measurements. The data collected from 431 real estate market employees shows that both challenge and hindrance demands positively and negatively affect sales performance through autonomous extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, challenge demands and hindrance demands affect positive and negative sales performance through autonomous extrinsic motivation, respectively. This study suggests that business organizations should design job demands to ensure that challenging work is suitable for employees' job positions. Thus, they will contribute to motivation and help employees achieve job performance.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.120-134
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• 2021

Purpose: The reproductive health of women in early adulthood can affect pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause in later life. Menstrual symptoms not only affect daily life, but are also a reflection of a woman's reproductive health. This study was conducted to explore the factors affecting menstrual symptoms among university students. Methods: The general characteristics, life style, menstrual characteristics, stress, and menstrual symptom of 177 female students were assessed through an online survey at one university. An independent sample t-test, one-way variance analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed using the SPSS 22.0 program. Results: The menstrual symptom score was 91.68±32.11 points, and the score of 'mood change' was the highest. Stress (��=.38, p<.001), amount of menstruation (��=.20, p=.001), menarche age (��=-.18, p=.003), health problems (��=.16, p=.010), and age (��=.15, p=.016) were found to have a significant effect on menstrual symptom, and the explanatory power of the regression model was 40%. Conclusion: This study investigated the degree and influencing factors of menstrual symptom using the Korean Menstrual Symptom Scale (KMSS) developed for Korean university students. Among the factors influencing menstrual symptom, stress appeared to play a significant role. Stress management, observation of menstrual characteristics, and general health care are necessary to maintain a woman's reproductive health.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2022

Women entrepreneurs play a vital role in employment creation, economic development, and growth. Women entrepreneurship is deep-rooted in the social and cultural norms and values of society. Women's entrepreneurship contribution is still invisible and needs to be properly investigated. The current research study explores "how institutions affect women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan" by using institutional and social cognitive theories. Focusing on the Formal and informal institutions, this research examines how institutions are affecting women's entrepreneurial performance by taking the mediating role of women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision making. A 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire is used to collect primary data. Data on active entrepreneurs are collected from the Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions of KPK's Women Chambers of Commerce. The data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SMART PLS 3. The results indicated that women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision-making strongly mediate both institutions and significantly affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay due attention to determinants like informal institutions and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2328-2344
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• 2022

2D human pose estimation still faces difficulty in low-resolution images. Most existing top-down approaches scale up the target human bonding box images to the large size and insert the scaled image into the network. Due to up-sampling, artifacts occur in the low-resolution target images, and the degraded images adversely affect the accurate estimation of the joint positions. To address this issue, we propose a multi-resolution input feature fusion network for human pose estimation. Specifically, the bounding box image of the target human is rescaled to multiple input images of various sizes, and the features extracted from the multiple images are fused in the network. Moreover, we introduce a guiding channel which induces the multi-resolution input features to alternatively affect the network according to the resolution of the target image. We conduct experiments on MS COCO dataset which is a representative dataset for 2D human pose estimation, where our method achieves superior performance compared to the strong baseline HRNet and the previous state-of-the-art methods.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2023

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 5-minute short mindfulness intervention on emotional regulation and cognitive improvement compared to self-awareness intervention. Methods : A total of 40 participants were randomly assigned and divided into a mindfulness group and a self-aware group. Participants responded to Korean Version of Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (K-PANAS), and Korean version of Toronto Mindfulness Scale (K-TMS) to confirm prior homogeneity. Both groups performed processing according to each group after completing sentences related to themselves for self-focusing. Afterwards, the participants performed the Emotional Attentional Blink (EAB) task as a behavioral measure, and responded to K-PANAS and K-TMS post hoc. Results : The mindfulness group showed lower negative emotions in the K-PANAS than the self-awareness group. The mindfulness group showed higher accuracy than the self-awareness group in negative stimuli presented in the 200 ms condition and neutral stimuli presented in the 800 ms condition. However, there was no difference between groups in K-TMS. Conclusion : The study suggests that mindfulness and self-awareness have different emotion regulation strategies in negative stimuli. Additionally, 5-minute mindfulness intervention was relatively beneficial to improve cognitive function.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of the organizational level for the advancement of smart factory. We suggested three determinants of the organizational level such as CEO's entrepreneurship, high-involvement human resource management, and cooperative industrial relations. Design/methodology/approach - The population of our survey was manufacturing SMEs, and we took a sample and conducted a survey of 232 companies. Since the level of smart factory advancement, which is a dependent variable, was measured on an ordinal scale, ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Findings - The higher the level of high-involvement human resource management, the higher the level of smart factory advancement. As the level of high-involvement human resource management increases by one unit, the probability of smart factory advancement increases by 22.8%. On the other hand, the CEO's entrepreneurship did not significantly affect the level of smart factory advancement. Interestingly, the cooperative industrial relations negatively affected to the level of smart factory advancement, contrary to the hypothesis prediction. Research implications or Originality - This study explored determinants at the organizational level that affect the advancement of smart factories. Through this, various implications are presented for related research and policy fields.