• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.4 s.57
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• pp.250-263
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• 2005

Progressive and localized brittle failures around an excavated opening by the overstressed condition can act as a serious obstacle to ensure the stability and the economical efficiency of construction work. In this paper, the characteristics of the brittle failure around an circular opening with stress level was studied by the biaxial compressive test using sealed specimen and by the numerical simulation with $PFC^{2D}$, one of the discrete element codes. The occurring pattern and shape of the brittle failure around a circular opening monitored during the biaxial loading were well coincided with those of the stress induced failures around the excavated openings observed in the brittle rock masses. The crack development stages with stress level were evaluated by the detailed analysis on the acoustic emission event properties. The microcrack development process around a circular opening was successfully visualized by the particle flow analysis. It indicated that the scaled test had a good feasibility in understanding the mechanism of the brittle failure around an opening with a high reliability.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and clinical features of adverse events associated with herbal medicine, and to analyze their causality and severity. Methods This study was carried out from 159 children and adolescents who took herbal medicine in the Department of Pediatrics, ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Korean Medical Hospital from december, 2013 to april, 2014. The data was collected by survey in person or telephone. The World Health Organization (WHO)-Uppsala Monitoring Center (UMC) criteria was used to analyze causality for each adverse events. Results 1. 207 cases were surveyed from 159 children and adolescents who took one or more kinds of herbal medicine. 2. A total of 12 general adverse events (5.8%) were reported from the study. Among these adverse events, 8 cases (3.9%) were associated with herbal medicine. 3. Gastro-intestinal system disorders were most frequently reported (70%) as adverse events, which is followed by psychiatric disorders (15%), skin and appendages disorders (10%), urinary system disorders (5%). 4. The most common clinical symptom was abdominal pain (20%), followed by diarrhea (15%), loose stools (10%), vomiting (10%) and borborygmus (10%). 5. The severity of adverse drug reactions was mostly mild (87.5%), and moderate (12.5%). There was no severe case. Conclusions The adverse events from herbal medicine on children and adolescents were mostly minor, most of them could continue herbal medicines.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2005

Purpose: This research used quantitative research to identify differences in death consciousness between pre and post education. The study was also designed to further understanding of the effects of nursing education by using a qualitative analysis to examine hospice education experience. Method: This study a one group pre-post test design. Results: 1 The mean score for the students' death consciousness before the hospice education averaged $2.15{\pm}\;.33$, a medium level for death Consciousness. The Score after education was $2.25{\pm}\;.36$, that is, there was higher score for death consciousness after education. 2. The result of classification, giving their names and categorizing the experience of being in a coffin shown to be self-reflection, regret, recognition to death, death as discontinuation of life, the last closing from everything, death as a sad and cruel event, death as another world, specialist intuition of nursing. Conclusion: This research provided an opportunity for nursing students to consider death earnestly and realistically through hospice nursing education. We also discovered affirmative changes in the students' viewpoint of death, students who in future clinical practice may work with elders. We also found increases in motives to develop ability to present effective aid to dying patients.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest how the first birthday rite, a practice in Korean culture, has changed over the time. A survey of 250 mothers was undertaken from October 11th to November 6th, 2012. The research questions asked in this study are as follows. What general and expert views are held about the first birthday rite? What type of awareness and knowledge do mothers have about the first birthday rite? Is there any correlation between mothers' awareness and knowledge about first birthday rite? What is the importance of the components of the baby's first birthday rite and the importance of choosing first birthday rite goods? The data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0. Frequency, F-test, correlation were also employed. The results of this study are as follows: The first birthday rite shows a clear link to socializing. It is a family event, but is also seen as an opportunity to enhance relationships with relatives, colleagues, and friends. A banquet hall is chosen as preferred first birthday rite location, and participants are served a meal and receive gifts. The banquet information on first birthday rites was initially collected from the internet, blog cafes, and an experienced. However, it has become gradually more common to hire a consultant to organize the first birthday rite. Awareness of the first birthday rite is high, but knowledge is relatively low. In addition, there is a positive relationship between awareness and knowledge about the first birthday rite. When mothers are preparing for their baby's first birthday, they consider food for the guests' banquet, space and time. Finally, individual positive relationships were found between choosing first birthday rite goods and employee services, contract pricing for goods, and food for guests.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2015

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown cause involving multiple organs and is characterized by noncaseating granuloma. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by increased peripheral platelet destruction due to the presence of an antibody to the platelet and abnormal platelet production. There is no known pathogenesis that occurs concurrently with ITP and sarcoidosis. However, considering together of 2 known pathogenesis, abnormal immune response triggers either ITP or sarcoidosis. The disease that develops first stimulates secondary disease. After development of secondary disease, they stimulate each other. A few cases of ITP associated with sarcoidosis are well documented in English; however, the disease has rarely been reported in Korea. Here, we report on a case of ITP with sarcoidosis in a 29-year-old man. He suffered from easy bruising. The chest X-ray and the contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed bihilar lymphadenopathy and reticulonodular infiltrates. Bone marrow study and fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous needle biopsy were performed and the patient was diagnosed with sarcoidosis and ITP. He was put on 400 mg/kg of intravenous immunoglobulin for 5 days and administered oral steroids and further follow-up will be carried out. He has shown a good response without significant bleeding event. However, administration of more oral steroid and additional follow-up is required than for single disease, whether sarcoidosis or ITP.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.75-90
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• 2016

Objectives: This study measures the level of cognition of employee's patient safety culture and evaluates the current level through comparing the results to external levels. Ultimately it is performed to construct a strategic improvement plan through the basic database for patient's safety culture. Methods: A questionnaire survey of self reporting type was carried out using structured questionnaire of the patient's safety culture for employees currently employed in a hospital. Total responders was 1,129 and a response rate was 54.6%. The survey results were calculated with a percent positive response, and the current level was evaluated by comparing with the survey results of a hospital (2009 and 2014) and the survey result of The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(2014). Results: Sub-dimension of high percent positive response for each area were 'teamwork within hospital units' (80%), 'feedback & communication about error' (73%) and 'supervisor/manager expectations & actions promoting safety' (67%). Meanwhile, 'teamwork across hospital units' (31%), 'hospital management support for patient safety' (29%), 'staffing' (27%) and 'non-punitive response to error' (17%) were relatively low percent positive response. Compared to the survey results of AHRQ (2014) for each area, 'teamwork within hospital units' (80%), 'feedback & communication about error' (73%), 'frequency of event reporting' (66%) were at the top 50% percentile level and the remaining sub-dimensions showed a very low level in the lower 10% percentile area. Conclusion: In order to establish a system for patient safety culture within the hospital and evaluate the effect on this, it is necessary to periodically evaluate the patient's safety culture and establish regulations on hospital safety culture to comply with this.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.294-297
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• 2007

Steam and advection fogs are frequently observed in the Yellow Sea located between Korea and China during the periods of March-April and June-July respectively. This study uses the remote sensing (RS) data for monitoring sea fog. Meteorological data obtained from the Ieodo Ocean Research Station provided an informative synopsis for the occurrence of steam and advection fogs through a ground truth. The RS data used in this study was GOES-9, MTSAT-1R images and QuikSCAT wind data. A dual channel difference (DCD) approach using IR and near-IR channel of GOES-9 and MTSAT-1R satellites was applied to estimate the extension of the sea fog. For the days examined, it was found that not only the DCD but also the texture-related measurement and the weak wind condition are required to separate the sea fog from the low cloud. The QuikSCAT wind is used to provide a weak wind area less than threshold under stable condition of the surface wind around a fog event. The Laplacian computation for a measurement of the homogeneity was designed. A new combined method of DCD, QuikSCAT wind speed and Laplacian was applied in the twelve cases with GOES-9 and MTSAT-1R. The threshold values for DCD, QuikSCAT wind speed and Laplacian are -2.0 K, 8 m $s^{-1}$ and 0.1, respectively. The validation methods such as Heidke skill score, probability of detection, probability of false detection, true skill score and odds ratio show that the new combined method improves the detection of sea fog rather than DCD method.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to understand the characteristics of herbal-drug-associated adverse events (AEs) reported in the internet newspaper articles and to take a countermeasure against the safety issue of herbal drugs. Methods: We searched the internet newspaper articles published from 2010 to 2014 in the 3 major portal sites in Korea, NAVER, DAUM, and GOOGLE. Search terms were the Korean words equivalent of 'herbal drug' and 'side effects'. Informations on the type and characteristics of suspected herbal drugs, AEs, and the patient records were extracted from the articles reporting the herbal-drug-associated AE occurred in Korea. Results: From 8,806 articles, a total of 36 AEs were found. The most frequently reported age group was 20s, and women outnumbered men. Obesity was the most common cause of administration. Doctors of Korean medicine clinic were the most commonly referred prescribers and purchasing route (11 cases). The most frequently mentioned medicinal herb was Ephedra sinica (7 cases) and the most commonly reported AEs were abdominal pain (8 cases), dizziness (6 cases), diarrhea (5 cases), and vomiting (5 cases) were followed in order. Ten cases were judged as serious AEs, and the others were not. Conclusions: Current customers demand health care providers to offer them sufficient information on the safety of herbal drugs. To satisfy their requirements, physicians of Korean medicine should be able to explain, predict, prepare, recognize, and deal with the herbal-drug-associated AEs. We propose an establishment of pharmacovigilance system for herbal medicine, in which doctors of Korean medicine are participated as important personnel, to collect and analyze the related AEs and offer credible information on the safety of herbal drug.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.141-149
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• 2017

This study is to determine the relationship between gaming behaviors by mobile game users and intention of continuous use of games. A behavior is a reaction against some subject or event, and in general, it brings consistent action and predictable reaction. For this study, the survey has been performed to adult mobile game users over 20 years old in Korea and China, and the collected data have been used in the hierarchical multiple regression analysis using SPSS 20.0, the statistical package program. As a result of study, if gaming behaviors are not concerned, more male not from Korea (from China) showed higher intention of continuous use. Furthermore, as a result of evaluating the effect of gaming behaviors of mobile game users on intention of continuous use, cognitive behaviors and behavioral attitudes also showed significant positive correlation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1119-1125
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• 2007

We examined the horizontal distribution of salinity and the concentrations of DIN and DIP after heavy rain-fall events in coastal areas of South Korea from Yeoja Bay to Narodo and from Gwangyang Bay to Geomodo to determine whether fresh water actually flows into areas of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides and to observe its effect on the growth of this organism after heavy rainfall. Following heavy rainfall (155 mm) in the Yeosu and Suncheon regions, the average salinity was 21 and 29 psu at Yeoja Bay and in the coastal waters of Narodo, respectively. After 126 mm of rainfall, the values were 19 and 25 psu in the coastal waters of Yeosu and Geomodo, respectively. This may have been caused by an influx of fresh water, after the rainfall event, into the open sea coastal areas around Narodo and Geomodo from the Dong and Seomjin Rivers, which are about 3540 km away. After the rainfall, the concentrations of $NH_4-N,\;NO_2-N$, and $PO_4-P$ were slightly increased; however, the concentration of $NO_3-N$ was greatly increased and diffused throughout the coastal areas of Narodo and Geomodo, which frequently experience C. polykrikoides blooms. The influence of $NH_4-N,\;NO_2-N$, and $PO_4-P$ on the occurrence of C. polykrikoidesred tides in coastal areas around Narodo and Geomodo after heavy rainfall does not appear to be great. Instead, the occurrence C. polykrikoides red tides in the coastal areas of Narodo and Geomodo seems to be facilitated by $NO_3-N$.