• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.149-167
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• 2013

Arbitration is one of the prominent and widely practiced forms of Alternate Dispute Resolution. Different countries are strengthening their alternate dispute resolution mechanism, and focusing on arbitrations is a very important edge. Pakistan is in the phase of developing effective laws and policies to strengthen the process of arbitration. The Pakistan Arbitration Act of 1940 is very important to discuss and along with domestic laws the applicability of the international conventions must be discussed. This paper analyzed the situation of arbitration laws in Pakistan with respect to both the domestic laws and international laws applicable in the country.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2007

PreS domain of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen is a good candidate for an effective vaccine as it activates both B and T cells besides binding to hepatocytes. This report deals with overexpression and purification of adr subtype of surface antigen that is more prevalent in Pakistan. PreS region, comprising 119 aa preS1 region plus a 55 aa preS2 region plus 11 aa from the N-terminal S region, was inserted in pET21a+ vector, cloned in E. coli $DH5\alpha$ cells and expressed in E. coli BL21 codon+ cells. The conditions for over expression were optimized using different concentrations of IPTG (0.01-5 mM), and incubating the cells at different temperatures (23-$41^{\circ}C$) for different durations (0-6 h). The cells were grown under the given optimized conditions (0.5 mM IPTG concentration at $37^{\circ}C$ for 4 h), lysed by sonication and the protein was purified by ion exchange chromatography. On the average, 24.5 mg of recombinant protein was purified per liter of culture. The purified protein was later lyophilized and stored at $-80^{\circ}C$.