• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.997-1008
• /
• 2006

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the CMT and PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on microglia and memory deficit model. The effects of the CMT and PCMT hot water extract on expression of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2, IL-10, $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA and production of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) , serum glucose, uric acid, AChE activity of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine , behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine and were investigated, respectively. The CMT and PCMT hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-11, COX-2 mRNA, production of $IL-l{\beta},\;IL-6,\;TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, ROS and increased the expression of IL-10, $TGF-{\beta}1$ mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. The PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder increased glucose, decreased uric acid and AChE significantly in the serum of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine. The CMT and PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine-induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. According to the above result, it is suggested that the CMT and PCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of dementia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.389-396
• /
• 2014

The physiological properties of 70% ethanol extracts from Portulaca oleracea with different extraction methods (reflux extraction, RE; autoclave extraction, AE; low temperature high pressure extraction, LTPE) were investigated. The freeze-dried powder yields of RE, AE, and LTPE were 33.78%, 30.80%, and 11.05%, respectively. The color values of L and b were higher in LTPE, and the chroma values were higher in AE and LTPE compared to RE. The total polyphenolics and proanthocyanidin contents in LTPE were significantly higher than in other extracts. The amount of substances related to flavonoids contents was highest in RE (4.30 mg/g), followed by AE (4.06 mg/g), and LTPE (4.00 mg/g). DPPH radical scavenging ability with a concentration of 500 mg% (w/v) were in the following order; LTPE (88.87%)> RE (83.84%)> AE (80.67%). Further, the reducing power, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and nitrite scavenging activity was observed in the same tendency as seen with the DPPH radical scavenging ability. However, the ferrous ion chelating activity of RE (85.45%) and AE (83.88%) was significantly higher than that of LTPE (75.60%). ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of RE and LTPE with a concentration of 100 mg% were significantly higher than AE. Xanthine oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of LTPE were higher than the other extracts. These results suggest that the extracts from Portulaca oleracea have the potential to act as functional materials, and components of Portulaca oleracea could be effective in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease, and may be used to develop various functional food products.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.274-279
• /
• 2007

The toxicitiy of organic sludge such as municipal sewage sludge (MSS), industrial sewage sludge (ISS), alcohol fermentation processing sludge (AFPS) and leather processing sludge (LPS) were evaluated with three environmental biomarkers as acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome P450, and heat shock protein 70 extracted from earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Their toxicities were compared with those of pig manure compost (PMC). MSS, ISS, LPS, and AFPS did not significantly affect the acetylcolinesterase activity, whereas only the elutriate of PMC slightly was increased the activity. MSS, AFPS, and PMC tended to slightly inhibit the cytochrome $P_{450}$ activity, but ISS and LPS showed significantly the inhibitory effect on cytochrome $P_{450}$. The hsp70 expression began to increase after treatments and showed high induction at 6 hour, followed by zero level at around 12 hour. The quantity of the hsp70 expressed by elutriate treatments of PMC, AFPS, MSS, ISS, and LPS was 1.9, 3.0, 3.3, 4.4, and 4.7 fold higher than that of distilled water. These results indicate that in toxicity tests of five organic waste materials, four kinds of sludge materials appeared more toxic than PMC. Results of AChE, P450, and hsp70 of earthworm might be useful for expecting or assessing an effect by exposure of organic wastes to earthworms in soil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.135-139
• /
• 2012

This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and biological activities of steamed and fermented Codonopsis lanceolata. The treatments included NS-NF (non-steamed and non-fermented), NS-LF (non-steamed and L. rhamnosus fermented), S-NF (steamed and non-fermented), and S-LF (steamed and L. rhamnosus fermented). Total polyphenol amounts of S-NF and S-LF were significantly increased to more than 26 mg GAE/g. The highest DPPH scavenging activities were observed for S-NF and S-LF, showing $EC_{50}$ values of 0.8 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. The growths of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shigella boydii were effectively inhibited by S-LF (MIC < 9 mg/mL). The NS-LF and S-LF ($EC_{50}$ <6 mg/mL) effectively inhibited ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase and tyrosinase activities compared to NS-NF ($EC_{50}$ <17 mg/mL). The S-LF exhibited the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$ <32 mg/mL). Therefore, the results suggest that the application of the steaming process combined with probiotic fermentation can effectively enhance the biological and pharmacological activities in C. lanceolata.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.213-219
• /
• 2007

To develop an anti-dementia agent with potential therapeutic value in the protection of neuronal cells, we selected a water extract of Helianthus annuus seed for analysis. We measured acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in the extract, and analyzed the protective effect of the extract on neuronal cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide, or amyloid ${\beta}-peptide$, of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The result showed that the extinct exerted protective effects of 83%, 72% and 53% respectively, on cell death induced by 100M, 200M, and 500M hydrogen peroxide. Also, when 50M of amyloid ${\beta}-peptide$ was added to the cells, the extract showed a protective effect (up to 80%) on cell death. Overall, the results showed that the H. annuus extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner, and the extract also strongly protected against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide or amyloid ${\beta}-peptide$.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.225-235
• /
• 2018

Phellinus gilvus is a medicinal mushroom used that has been used in folk medicine in Asian countries for centuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol (ME) and hot water (HW) extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of Ph. gilvus. ME and HW had good anti-xanthine oxidase (XO) activities compared to allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. ME showed comparable and slightly lower inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively, than galanthamine, a standard AChE and BChE inhibitor. ME also showed a protective effect against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity at 40 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL in PC-12 cells. ME (0.5~2.0 mg/mL) significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema in rats was significantly reduced 2~6 hr after treatment with 50 mg/kg of ME, which was comparable to administration of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin, the positive control. These results demonstrate that ME and HW of Ph. gilvus fruiting bodies possess good anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.11
• /
• pp.1552-1563
• /
• 2016

To examine the cognitive function of onion (Allium cepa L.) beverages (odourless and fortified), we analyzed in vitro neuronal cell protection against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity and performed in vivo tests on amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$)-induced cognitive dysfunction. Cellular oxidative stress and cell viability were evaluated by DCF-DA assay and MTT assay. These results show that fortified beverage resulted in better neuronal cell protection than odourless beverage at lower concentration ($0{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$). Fortified beverage also showed more excellent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$: 4.20 mg/mL) than odourless beverage. The cognitive functions of odourless beverage and fortified beverage in $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity were assessed by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. The results show improved cognitive function in both groups treated with beverages. After in vivo tests, cholinergic activities were determined based on AChE inhibition and acetylcholine levels, and antioxidant activities were measured as SOD, oxidized glutathione (GSH)/total GSH ratio, and MDA levels in mouse brain tissue. In a Q-TOF UPLC/MS system, main compounds were analyzed as follows: odourless beverage (five types of sugars and three types of phenolics) and fortified beverages (six types of phenolics and two types of steroidal saponins).

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.125-144
• /
• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of the fraction of Korean mountain ginseng folium (FKG) on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine. Methods: The memory ameliorating effect of FKG was investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Y-maze test, and the Morris water maze test in mice. Drug-induced amnesia was induced by treating animals with scopolamine(1mg/kg, i.p.). Results: FKG (2 or 4mg/kg, p.o.) administration significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice by the passive avoidance test and the Y-maze test(P<0.05), and also improved escape latency in the Morris water maze test at 2 or 4mg/kg(P<0.05). Although FKG has little inhibitory activity for AChE (IC50 value; 1847 ${\mu}g/ml$) in an invitro study, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(pERK) was increased by the administration of FKG inhippocampus on immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: These results suggest that FKG may be a useful cognitive impairment treatment, and its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, via activation of ERK pathway.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.69-84
• /
• 2008

Objective: This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by $\beta$A. Method: The effects of the KBHT hot water extract on expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in BV2 microglial celll cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) AChE in serum (3) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with $\beta$A were investigated. Results: 1. The KBHT hot water extract suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. 2. The KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $\beta$A in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movement-through latency 3. The KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the over-expression of AChE activity in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $\alpha$A. 4. The KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-l$\beta$ protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by 1$\beta$A. 5. The KBHT ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus significantly in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $\beta$A. Conclusions: These results suggest that the KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.101-132
• /
• 2007

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the NogYongDaeBoTang,(NYDBT) on Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of the NYDBT extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) acetylcholinesterase(AChE), amyloid precursor proteins(APP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer‘s diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The NYDBT extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 2. The NYDBT extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein production in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 3. For the NYDBT extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The NYDBT extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, and CD68/CD11b, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. 5. The NYDBT extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. 6. The NYDBT extract reduced the Tau protein, GFAP protein, and presenilin1/2 protein (immunohistochemistry) of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the NYDBT extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.