• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2008

백삼과 홍삼추출물 투여가 scopolamine으로 기억을 손상시킨 실험동물의 학습수행 개선과 뇌조직의 AChE 억제 및 ACh 함량을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 백삼과 홍삼추출물(200 mg/kg, p.o.) 투여는 scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.)으로 유발된 기억손상 동물모델의 Morris water maze 시험에서 tacrine 투여군과 대조군처럼 인지훈련이 반복될수록 escape latency 시간이 현저히 감소하였다. probe test에서도 scopolamine 투여군보다 유의적으로 감소하여 인삼추출물이 장기기억(Long-term memory)과 working memory의 개선에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 2. Y-maze test를 통한 실험동물의 자발적 변동행동력은 실험군간 차이가 없었으며, 총 출입회수도 차이가 없어 인삼추출물은 실험동물의 일반적 운동성에 영향을 주지 않았다. 3. 해마조직의 AChE 활성은 인삼추출물 군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. 대뇌피질과 혈청 AChE 활성은 홍삼추출물 투여군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 4. 인삼추출물 투여군의 뇌조직 ACh 함량은 대뇌피질과 해마조직에서 scopolamine 투여군보다 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 그룹간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 5. 이를 통하여 볼 때 인삼추출물 특히 홍삼추출물은 장기기억 활성촉진, AChE 억제, ACh 활성촉진으로 콜린성 신경계를 자극하여 기억 및 학습증진에 매우 효과적으로 작용하는 항치매 물질로 사료된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.384-388
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• 2008

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is responsible for more than 50% of all dementia cases. There is significant interest in finding new sources of compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to be used in the treatment of AD, since only a few AChE inhibitors, such as galanthamine, physostigmine, and tacrine, are available for clinical use. In the present study, ICR mice were treated with a 1 mg/kg scopolamine, which caused impaired cognitive ability. The steady consumption of a water extract of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne flowers for 3 months significantly prevented the scopolamine induced deficit of the spatial cognitive capability of mice. It also improved long-term memory in mice with amnesia induced by scopolamine, as assessed by the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. In addition, water extract consumption significantly decreased AChE activity in mouse brain, leading to inhibition of acetylcholine hydrolysis.

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2020

Mentha arvensis is used traditional medicine to treat various disorders. In the present study, M. arvensis were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of a M. arvensis extract on scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory impairment. Mice were orally pretreated with a M. arvensis extract or normal saline, and then behavior tests were conducted 30 min after scopolamine injection. The antioxidant capacities were analyzed by free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also measured using Ellman's method ex vivo test. In behavior tests, percent of spontaneous alteration, escape latency and swimming time in target quadrant were improved by the administration of the M. arvensis extract, which suggests that the M. arvensis extract improves memory function in the scopolamine-treated mice model. In addition, M. arvensis extract showed inhibition of the free radical and AChE activity. The results of the present study suggest that the M. arvensis extract ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory deficits through the inhibition of free radicals and AChE activity. Therefore, M. arvensis may be a promising neuroprotective agent for management of learning and memory improvements in human dementia patients.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 1988

본 연구에서는 diazinon과 carbofuran의 송사리와 미꾸리에 대한 선택적 어독성 기작을 규명코자 뇌와 몸체에서 acetylcholinesterase(AchE)를 추출하여 활성을 측정하였다. 또 농약에 의한 효소의 활성저해도(IC50)를 측정하였으며 이를 급성 어독성 실험에서 얻어진 LC5O값과 비교하였는데 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 송사리의 AchE의 활성은 미꾸리의 활성보다 2배 높았고, diazinon과 carbofuran의 선택적 독성은 diazinon의 대사산물인 diazoxon의 두 어종에 대한 IC50 값이 미꾸리가 송사리보다 4배 낮고, carbofuran의 IC50값은 송사리가 미꾸리보다 약 3.4배 낮으므로,IC50 값에 의하여 부분적으로는 설명될 수 있었다. 따라서 AchE을 이용하여 유기인계 및 카바메이트계 농약의 독성을 검색하는데 있어 동일농약인 경우 어종간의 감수성을 부분적으로 설명할 수 있기 때문에 농약의 독성을 1차적으로 검색할 수 있는 수단이 될 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 위의 방법이 본격적으로 사용될 수 있기 위해서는 농약의 종류와 어종을 다양화한 실험과 흡수, 체내에서의 대사 등에 관한 연구를 통하여 급성 독성 현상과 AchE의 저해도와의 관계가 먼저 정리되어야 할 것으로 본다.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.409-414
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• 2007

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we examined the improving effect of L-theanine, a major amino acid in Japanese green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the scopolamine (1 mg/kg/mouse)-induced memory dysfunction in mice. Treatment with L-theanine (2, 4 mg/kg/mouse p.o.) in the drinking water for 7 days reversed the scopolamine-induced latency time and distance in the water maze test, latency time in the passive avoidance test, and inhibited AChE activity. This study suggests that L-theanine may be a useful agent for prevention of progression of AD.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2017

Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahl. (Compositae) has been used as an anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer agent in the clinic. Although its antidepressant effect has been reported, however, its cognitive function is not investigated until yet. In the present study, we investigated whether the water extract of T. platycarpum (WETP) could improve cognitive function in cholinergic blockade-induced amnesia mouse model using the passive avoidance or Y-maze task. WETP (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment both in the passive avoidance test and the Y-maze test. In addition, WETP significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity measured by an ex vivo study using the mouse whole brain. These results suggest that WETP alleviates the cognitive dysfunction caused by the cholinergic blockade, in part, via AChE inhibition, and that it may be a useful for treating cognitive dysfunction.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Objectives : Gossypium arboreum (cotton) is traditionally used to treat various health disorders. However, anti-amnesic effect of G. arboreum has not been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate in-vivo the anti-amnesic effects along with in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition potential in G. arboreum seed essential oil. Methods : The essential oil of G. arboreum obtained by solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay were performed to determine the antioxidant activity at various concentrations (312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000, 10000 ㎍/㎖. Y-maze, passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests were carried out to evaluate improved effect on scopolamine (1 mg/kg)-induced memory dysfunction at the dose level of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Donepezil (5 mg/kg) was used as a positive drug control. We performed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assay in ex vivo. Results : Five volatile compounds were identified in G. arboreum. The assays of DPPH and ABTS revealed that G. arboreum increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. G. arboreum ameliorated the percent of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test, shortened step-through latency in the passive avoidance test, and increased swimming time in the target zone in the Morris water maze test. In addition, G. arboreum inhibited the AChE activity. Conclusions : Based on these findings, G. arboreum may aid in the prevention and treatment of learning and memory-deficit disorders through antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activities.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.929-935
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, simple, and qualitative acetylcholinesterase (AChE)- detection kit, based on a modification of the Ellman and ELISA methods, for the detection of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticide. The developed kits were used to screen a large number of agricultural samples (spiked and real) for OP and CB pesticide residues. AChE was extracted from the heads of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) using Triton X-100, and was purified through 3 steps: diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography (DEAE), affinity chromatography and membrane filtering, and Mono-Q column chromatography. Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B affinity chromatography was used for large-scale purification. The presence of OP and CB pesticide residues in agricultural samples was assayed on the basis of AchE inhibition value. The presence (6 bands) or absence of some colored bands on the test line indicated a negative or positive result, respectively. The limits of detection for measured organophosphorus (OP) and carbamates (CB) pesticide residues in standard pesticide solutions and fortified samples were ranged from 0.50 to 2.50 ppm and 0.50 to 4.75 ppm, respectively.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.715-721
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• 2021

인구의 고령화에 따른 노인 인구 증가로 지난 10년간 치매환자수와 경도인지장애 환자수가 급증하였다. 치매는 예방이 중요한 만큼 인지기능 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있는 기능성 소재 탐색에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 한편, PGG는 다양한 약용식물에 함유되어있는 gallotannins로 소교세포에서 항염증효과, amyloid beta 단백질 침착 억제효과, beta-secretase 억제효과가 알려져 있으나 인지 기능과 관련된 지표들에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 PGG가 신경모세포주인 SK-N-SH세포에서 인지기능과 관련된 인자에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 관련 기전에 대해 평가하였다. 퇴행성질환 등에서 그 분비가 증가되는 AChE 효소활성이 PGG 처리에 의해 시험관실험과 세포실험에서 모두 억제되었다. 또한, PGG는 neurotrophin 중의 하나인 BDNF mRNA 및 단백질 발현을 증가하였다. 이러한 PGG의 BDNF 발현 증가에 대한 분자적 기전을 확인하기 위해 CAMKII-CREB 신호경로를 측정한 결과, PGG는 CAMKII를 인산화하였고, BDNF의 전사인자인 CREB를 활성화하였다. 이상의 결과로부터, hydrolyzed tannins의 하나인 PGG가 신경세포에서 CAMKII-CREB 경로를 활성화함으로써 BDNF의 발현을 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라 AChE 활성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다(Fig. 8). 추가적으로 이러한 PGG의 효과가 인지기능이 저하된 동물모델 등에서도 효과가 있는지를 검토할 필요가 있다. 이러한 자료가 축적이 된다면 향후 PGG가 인지기능 개선을 위한 기능성 소재로서의 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.594-597
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• 2008

Natural products have been used to treat many neurological illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, the effects of the water extract of smoke-dried skipjack tuna (WSST), which is used as a traditional seasoning in Japan, as well as its fractions on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in vitro and on memory in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice in vivo were evaluated. Bio-Rad P-2 gel permeation chromatography revealed the presence of 7 peaks and AChE significantly inhibited peak 3 and 5. When in vivo behavioral studies were conducted, a passive avoidance test revealed that treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg WSST as well as with fraction 3 and 5 improved the loss in memory retention induced by scopolamine. These results suggest that skipjack tuna extract and its fractions improve memory deficits and that these substances are suitable for use in healthy foods designed to improve memory deficits induced by aging and Alzheimer's disease.