• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2013

Chrysanthemum indicum is widely used to treat immune-related and infectious disorders in East Asia. C. indicum flower oil contains 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, camphor, ${\alpha}$-cadinol, camphene, pinocarvone, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, 3-cyclohexen- 1-ol, and ${\gamma}$-curcumene. We evaluated the safety of C. indicum flower oil by conducting acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation tests. Mortality, clinical signs and gross findings of mice were measured for 15 days after the oral single gavage administration of C. indicum flower oil. There were no mortality and clinical signs of toxicity at 2,000 mg/kg body weight/day of C. indicum flower oil throughout the 15 day period. Micronucleated erythrocyte cell counts for all treated groups were not significantly different between test and control groups. Levels of 15.63~500 ${\mu}g$ C. indicum flower oil/plate did not induce mutagenicity in S. Typhimurium and E. coli, with or without the introduction of a metabolic activation system. These results indicate that ingesting C. indicum flower oil produces no acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.268-273
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• 2019

This study evaluated acute nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3-N$) toxicity in juvenile blackhead seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Seventy juveniles (Trial A, $7.1{\pm}0.6g$) and nine juveniles (Trial B, $71.3{\pm}3.5g$) per 70 L tank were exposed to $NO_3-N$ concentrations of 0, 500, 1500, 2500, 3500, and 4500 mg/L and 0, 600, 1200, 1800, 2400, and 3000 mg/L, respectively, in triplicate for 7 days. In Trial A, all fish exposed to 3500 and $4500mg\;NO_3-N/L$ died within 48 h; in Trial B, all fish exposed to $3000\;NO_3-N/L$ died after 120 h. The $96\;LC_{50}$ and $168\;LC_{50}$ were 2505 and $1806mg\;NO_3-N/L$, respectively, in Trial A, and 2663 and $2377mg\;NO_3-N/L$ in Trial B. Large juveniles were more resistant to $NO_3-N$ than small juveniles. The results of acute $NO_3-N$ toxicity studies provide important data for subsequent chronic toxicity studies.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2009

Purpose: Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) is one of the most frequently prescribed traditional medicine. To evaluate acute toxicity, ICR mice were treated with Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) administration. Methods: In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of water-extracted Ojeok-san(Wuji-san). 0(control group), 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg of Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female for 14 days. We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight, and autopsy. Results: Compared with the control group, we could not find any toxic alteration in all treated groups (1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg). Conclusions: $LD_{50}$ of Ojeok-san(Wuji-san) might be over 5000 mg/kg and it is very safe to ICR mice.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2007

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are fully flurorinated organic compounds which are highly persistent in environment and accumulated in organism. These chemicals are released to the environment at their manufacture, during their use in industrial and consumer applications and from disposal after their use. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PFOA and PFOS on the freshwater flea (Moina macrocopa). Acute toxicity test and chronic toxicity test were performed for 2 days and 10 days, respectively. Acute toxicity was assessed on the basis of mortality, while chronic toxicity was assessed by fecundity as well as mortality. The acute toxicity studies on PFOA and PFOS showed that the values of $LC_{50}$ were $73.9\;mg/L\;and\;27.7\;mg/L$ respectively. In the chronic toxicity test, fecundity was reduced significantly at 24.1 mg/L of PFOA and 9.3 mg/L of PFOS, respectively. Conclusively, the results of this work suggest that Moina macrocopa could be a suitable model organism for screening and assessing of environmental pollutants in water.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was aimed to examine the acute toxicity assessment of two new algicides, thiazolidinediones derivatives (TD53 and TD49), which were synthesized to selectively control red tide, to the marine ecosystem. Methods : The assessment employed by a new method using Ulva pertusa Kjellman which has been recently accepted as a standard method of ISO. The toxicity was assessed by calculating the $EC_{50}$ (Effective Concentration of 50%), NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) and PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) using acute toxicity data obtained from exposure experiments. $EC_{50}$ value of TD49 and TD53 was examined by 96-hrs exposure together with Solutol as a TD49 dispersing agent and DMSO as a TD53 solvent. Results : $EC_{50}$ value of TD53 was $1.65\;{\mu}M$. From the results, values of NOEC and PNEC were calculated to be $0.63\;{\mu}M$ and 1.65 nM, respectively. DMSO under the range of $0{\sim}10\;{\mu}M$, which is same solvent concentration used in examining TD53, showed no toxic effect. $EC_{50}$ value of TD49 was $0.18\;{\mu}M$ and that of Solutol was $1.70\;{\mu}M$. NOEC and PNEC of TD49 were $0.08\;{\mu}M$ and 0.18 nM, respectively and those for Solutol were $1.25\;{\mu}M$ and 1.25 nM, respectively. Conclusions : From the values of NOEC, PNEC of TD53 and TD49, TD49 showed 9 times stronger toxicity than TD53. On the other hand, DMSO showed no toxicity on the Ulva pertusa Kjellman, but Solutol was found to be a considerable toxicity by itself.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.468-475
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• 2015

Nonylphenol is one of endocrine disruptors, as structurally stable, hydrophobic compounds exhibit high condensability and long-lasting in the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of nonylphenol on Daphnia magna. In acute toxicity test, D. magna was exposed for 48 h at concentrations of 0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and $100{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ nonylphenol. In chronic toxicity test, D. magna were exposed through water for 21 days at concentrations of 0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6 and $10{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ nonylphenol. Acute toxicity was assessed on the basis of immobility, while chronic toxicity was assessed on the basis of fecundity. The acute toxicity test on nonylphenol was showed that the values of 24 h and 48 h $EC_{50}$ were $25.0{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $13.7{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, respectively. In chronic test, fecundity was reduced significantly at $5.6{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ of nonylphenol. These results indicated that nonylphenol have some hazard for acute or chronic toxicity to freshwater invertebrate organism.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

Objectives : Yukmijihwang-tang (YJT) is known as a tonifying formula for reinforcement of yin deficiency conditions. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of YJT in ICR male and female mice. Methods : We investigated the acute toxicity about boiling water-extracted YJT. The test article was orally administered once by gavage to 20 male and 20 female mice at dose levels of 0 (control group), 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. Mortalities, clinical findings, autopsy and body weight changes were monitored daily for the 14 days following the administration according to the Regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration. Results : We observed survival rates, general toxicity, change of body weight, and autopsy. Single oral administration of YJT with different dosages, no animals died of the test drug. Autopsy of animal revealed no abnormal gross finding. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ value of YJT for ICR mice was more than 5000 mg/kg on oral route. Conclusions : These results suggest that no toxic dose level of YJT in mice is considered to be more than 5000 mg/kg. Consequently, it was concluded that YJT have no effect on acute toxicity and side effect in ICR mice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.40-53
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether Ligigeopoong-san induces acute toxicity and genotoxicity Methods: Ligigeopoong-san contains the rhizome of Cnidium officinale MAKINO, an herb with potential teratogenicity. Teratogenicity is closely associated with genotoxicity. We analyzed whether Ligigeopoong-san induces acute toxicity and genotoxicity using various experimental models in accordance with Korean non-clinical test standards for pharmaceuticals and OECD test guidelines. Results : When Ligigeopoong-san was administered as a single dose to male and female rats, no toxic reactions, including organ damage, were observed at doses up to 2,500 mg/kg. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, no DNA mutations were detected at concentrations up to 5,000 ㎍/plate. In cell models, Ligigeopoong-san did not induce structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations at concentrations up to 2,000 ㎍/mL. Additionally, in animal studies, it did not cause bone marrow toxicity or form micronuclei in erythrocytes at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg. Conclusions : The experiments using various models demonstrated that Ligigeopoong-san did not induce acute toxicity or genotoxicity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4483-4486
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• 2014

Purpose: To assess chemoradiation related acute morbidity in women with carcinoma cervix and to find and correlation between hematologic toxicity and organ system specific damage. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out between August 2012 and July 2013 enrolling 79 women with cancer cervix receiving chemo-radiotherapy. Weekly assessment of acute morbidity was done using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) version 4 and the toxicities were graded. Results: Anemia [77 (97.5%)], vomiting [75 (94.8%)] and diarrhea [72 (91.1%)], leukopenia [11 (13.9%)], cystitis [28 (35.4%], dermatitis [19 (24.1%)] and fatigue [29 (36.71%)] were the acute toxicities noted. The toxicities were most severe in $3^{rd}$ and $5^{th}$ week. All women could complete radiotherapy except two due to causes unrelated to radiation morbidity; seven (8.86%) had to discontinue chemotherapy due to leukopenia and intractable diarrhea. Though there was no correlation between anemia and other toxicities, it was found that all with leukopenia had diarrhea. Conclusions: Chemoradiation for cancer cervix is on the whole well tolerated. Leukopenia and severe diarrhea were the acute toxicities that compelled discontinuation of chemotherapy in two women. Though anemia had no correlation with gastrointestinal toxicity, all of those with leukopenia had diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.253-256
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• 2009

The aim of the present study was to determine the acute and subacute potential of trichlorfon in guppies (Poecilia reticulatus). We first defined the 24 h median tolerance limit ($TLm_{24h}$) of the fish to trichlorfon. Guppies were then treated with $TLm_{24h}$ and 1/10 $TLm_{24h}$ trichlorfon concentrations to evaluate if any histological alterations occurred. The $TLm_{24h}$ value of trichlorfon was 11 ppm. This concentration resulted in acute toxicity to the gills and kidneys with edema, hyperplasia of the gill lamellae, and vacuolated degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular cells. In the case of subacute toxicity using a 10-fold dilution of the $TLm_{24h}$ value (1.1 ppm), no behavioral changes, external lesions or histopathological changes were observed. Therefore, safe concentration of trichlorfon might be 1.1 ppm in guppy for controlling parasitic infections.