• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2017

We evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effects of Oenothera laciniata methanol extract (OLME) in vitro by using melan-a cells. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of OLME was 66.3 and 19.0 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating ability, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of OLME ($500{\mu}g/mL$) were 94.5%, 95.6%, and 63.6%, respectively. OLME and arbutin treatment at $50{\mu}g/mL$ significantly decreased melanin content by 35.5% and 14.2%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). OLME and arbutin treatment at $50{\mu}g/mL$ significantly inhibited intra-cellular tyrosinase activity by 22.6% and 12.6%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). OLME ($50{\mu}g/mL$) significantly decreased tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (MITF-M) mRNA expression by 57.1%, 67.3%, 99.0%, and 77.0%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). Arbutin ($50{\mu}g/mL$) significantly decreased tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 mRNA expression by 24.2%, 42.9%, and 48.5%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). However, arbutin ($50{\mu}g/mL$) did not affect MITF-M mRNA expression. Taken together, OLME showed a good antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effect in melan-a cells that was superior to that of arbutin, a well-known skin-whitening agent. The potential mechanism underlying the anti-melanogenic effect of OLME was inhibition of tyrosinase activity and down-regulation of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF-M mRNA expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.778-781
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• 2016

Sea urchin skeleton (SUS) generated from production of sea urchin eggs was used as a biodegradable film base material, and its composite film with gelatin was prepared. In addition, Robinia pseudoacacia flower extract (RFE) was incorporated into the film-forming solution to provide antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. The tensile strength (TS) of the SUS/gelatin composite films increased with increasing gelatin content, whereas elongation at break (E) decreased. Among the composite films, SUS/gelatin film at a ratio of 8:2 (w/w) exhibited the most desirable TS and E values. Furthermore, SUS composite film containing RFE showed a reduced TS and increased E compared to the control film. Based on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays and disc diffusion results against growth of Listeria monocytogenes, antioxidant and anti-microbial activities of films increased with increasing RFE concentration. Consequently, SUS composite film containing RFE showed proper physical properties as well as antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. These results indicate that SUS can be used as a film base material while the SUS composite film containing RFE can be utilized as active packaging.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.286-292
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of various cooking methods (boiling, steaming, stir-frying, and roasting) and three cooking times (5, 10, and 15 min) on the antioxidant properties of red pepper. Raw and cooked peppers were measured for proximate composition, ascorbic acid (AsA) content, total carotenoid content (TCC), total polyphenol content (TP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. Results showed that the proximate composition, AsA content, TCC, TP, and antioxidant activities were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the cooking procedure; the loss rate varied among individual compounds. Boiling and steaming significantly reduced AsA content (24.3~66.5%), TP (13.9~54.9%), and antioxidant activity (21.7~60.5%) in red pepper, while stir-frying and roasting slightly reduced AsA content (2.7~25.9%), TP (1.8~4.9%), and antioxidant activity (4.9~17.9%). The highest loss was observed after boiling, followed by steaming, roasting, and stir-frying. Stir-frying and roasting better preserved AsA content, TCC, TP, and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, dry-heat cooking methods such as stir-frying and roasting may be preferred to retain the nutrient compositions and antioxidant properties of red pepper.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-64
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the general characteristics of raw okra seeds and the functional components of roasted okra seeds. The number of okra seed per pod was 78 in 'Greensod' and 88 in 'Beny'. The weight of okra seed per pod of 'Greensod' and 'Beny' were 4.4 g and 6.3 g, respectively. Free amino acid contents of the stir-fry and fresh okra seeds were measured as $2.69mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ and $0.31mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$. Total polyphenolic compound content of the stirfry okra seeds was estimated as $12.61mg\;CGA{\cdot}g^{-1}$, compared to $2.54mg\;CGA{\cdot}g^{-1}$ fresh okra seeds, Thus, free amino acid and total polyphenolic compound contents in the stir-fry okra seeds were higher than fresh one, Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging in the stir-fry okra seeds was the higher than fresh okra seeds.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1132-1140
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the changes in antioxidant activities, quality characteristics, and storage stability of mayonnaise prepared with perilla oil with the addition of mulberry powder ranging from 0 to 5%. The antioxidant activities of perilla oil mayonnaise (PM), as determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, as well as FRAP and total phenolics content were improved by the addition of mulberry powder compared with the control sample. Antioxidant activities were dependent on the amount of mulberry powder added. Lipid oxidation of PM decreased with a higher amount of mulberry powder, based on measurements of peroxide value. The emulsion stability of PM increased with decreases in the amount of mulberry powder level. The a-value in PM color increased with increasing amount of mulberry powder. Sensory evaluation showed that the highest score in overall acceptability of PM was achieved with 4% mulberry.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2013

Objective: The study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Ziziphus mucronata (ZM) fruit extract. Methods: The different types of fruit extract were prepared by soaking the dry powdered fruit in different solvents followed by rotary evaporation. Each extract was tested for its phenol content and antioxidant activities. An in vivo study was performed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Thirty adult male SD rats (aged 21 weeks) were divided into six groups of five rats each and treated as follows: The normal control (NC) received distilled water while the dimethoate control (DC) received 6 mg/kg.bw.day-1 dimethoate dissolved in distilled water. The experimental groups E1, E2, E3, and E0 received dimethoate (6 mg/kg.bw) + ZMFM (100 mg/kg.bw-1), dimethoate (6 mg/kg.bw) + ZMFM (200 mg/kg.bw-1), dimethoate (6 mg/kg.bw) + ZMFM (300 mg/kg.bw-1), and ZMFM (300 mg/kg.bw-1) only. Both the normal control and the dimethoate control groups were used to compare the results. After 90 days, rats were sacrificed, blood was collected for biochemical assays, and livers were harvested for histological study. Results: High phenol content was estimated, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) spectrophotometric, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and 2, 2-Azobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays showed a high antioxidant activity among the extracts. The preventive effects observed in the E1, E2 and E3 groups proved that the extract could prevent dimethoate toxicity by maintaining normal reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and E, superoxide dismutase, catalase, cholineasterase and lipid profiles. The preventive effect was observed to be dose dependent. The EO group showed no extract-induced toxicity. Histological observations agreed with the results obtained in the biochemical studies. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that ZM methanol fruit extract is capable of attenuating dimethoate-induced toxicity because of its high antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.332-337
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• 2014

The Salvia plebeia R. which is the biennial plant belonging to the labiatae department, grows widely in Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activities and anti-allergic effects of Salvia plebeia R. leaves (SPLE) or roots (SPRE). Using ethanol extracts, both leaves and roots induced significant radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of SPLE was significantly higher than that of SPRE at all concentrations. Treatment of the RBL-2H3 cells with SPLE and SPRE in vitro decreased ${\beta}$-Hexosaminidase release and significantly inhibited IgE-antigen complex-mediated IL-4 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in RBL-2H3 cells. These findings suggest that Salvia plebeia R. can protect or reduce allergic asthma through high antioxidant and anti-allergic reactions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2017

Background: The study aimed to obtain data on the effects of cultivation and soil reduction of green manure crop on the quantity and quality of organically cultivated Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley. Methods and Results: The experiment comprised four treatments: control, hairy vetch, barley, and hairy vetch + barley (3 : 2). The plant height in the hairy vetch treatment (86.3 cm) was significantly different from that in the other treatments, whereas the stem diameter leaf area, and special product analysis division (SPAD) value did not differ across the treatments. The largest soil reduction of green manure crop was recorded in the barley treatment (440 kg/10 a), whereas the smallest was recorded in the single treatment with hairy vetch (80 kg/10 a). The hairy vetch + barley (60 : 40) treatment showed 63% more soil microorganisms than control. Radical scavenging activity estimation revealed that the total polyphenol content was highest (1,740 mg/kg), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was 92.6% in the barley treatment. The 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activation was highest in the control (51.1%), and the root yield was the highest in the barley treatment (310 kg/10 a). Conclusions: The root yield, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley increased in presence of the green manure crop barley.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.391-399
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant efficacies between extracts of Prunus yedoensis(PY) and Betulae platyphyllae var. japonica(BP). HPLC pattern was different between barks and extract solvents. Content of total phenolic compound was the highest in ethanol extract of BP(382.201 mg/g ext.) and its content was 1.9 times higher than that from the water extract of PY. Total antioxidant efficacy also was the highest in ethanol extract of BP (292 copper reducing equivalents). Nitric oxide scavenging activity was almost 70% in ethanol extract of BP treated 200 ug/ml and it was higher than positive control(ascorbic acid). DPPH radical scavenging ability was up by 80% in all samples. ABTS cation decolorization from each barks was activated over 85% in all samples at 100 ug/ml concentration, especially, the activity was the highest (94.4%) in ethanol extract of BP. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were also highest (45%) in ethanol extract of BP at 200 ug/ml concentration and were as high as positive control. Stimulation of the macrophages RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased intracellular ROS levels and ethanol extract of BP at 200 ug/ml concentration reduced ROS levels up to 41 %. The results indicated that the barks of PY and BP has potent antioxidant activities and ethanol extract of BP of them has the highest antioxidant activities.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.333-340
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• 2018

Gamiguibi-tang (GGBT) is a traditional herbal medicine generally used to treat anemia, insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness. GGBT is being commercially produced in the form of extract granule and the quality control methods are specified in the Korean Herbal Pharmacopeia (KHP). However, there is no method to simultaneously analyze compound preparations. In this study, a HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of marker compounds in GGBT. And the contents of marker components and biological activities of the commercial GGBT extract granules (GGBT-2 and GGBT-3) were compared with those of the GGBT decoction (GGBT-1). We confirmed the robustness of simultaneous analytical method by monitoring the contents of the commercial GGBT products and carrying out validation. The marker components of GGBT were geniposide ($8.03{\sim}12.70{\mu}g/mL$), paeoniflorin ($2.79{\sim}4.25{\mu}g/mL$) and glycyrrhizic acid ($5.06{\sim}6.30{\mu}g/mL$). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 47.34~63.17% and 21.52~33.61% in the GGBT products concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The GGBT products significantly decreased NO, iNOS and COX-2 production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The GGBT-2 had higher contents of marker components and biological activities than GGBT-1 and GGBT-3. The research suggest that be used in developing quality control methods for enhancing the quality of herbal medicines.