• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2008

본 연구는 함수율을 달리하여 폴리에틸렌(PE)으로 포장된 닭고기를 냉장 저장하면서 닭고기의 신선도, 미생물 및 육색의 변화를 구명하고자 수행하였다. 함수율에 따른 닭고기 가슴부위의 pH는 저장 3일에는 함수율 6% 처리구에서 6.00을 나타내었으나, 함수율이 8, 10%에서는 6.04, 6.05%를 나타내어 함수율이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 경향은 저장 5일에도 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 육색 변화에서 명도($L^*$)는 저장 3일에 가슴육의 함수율 6% 처리구에서 73.40을 나타내었으나, 8, 10% 처리구에서는 75.27, 75.31로 닭고기의 함수율이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 적색도($a^*$)는 저장 3일에 10% 처리구에서 2.52로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으나, $6{\sim}8%$ 처리구에서는 서로 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 저장 5일에서도 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 황색도($b^*$)는 저장 3일에 가슴육의 함수율 6% 처리구는 4.31, 8% 처리구 4.33, 10% 처리구는 4.34로 10% 처리구에서 가장 높은 값을 보여 저장 1일과 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 지방산패도(TBARS)의 변화는 저장 3일에 함수율 6% 처리구에서 0.107, 8% 처리구 0.104, 10% 처리구 0.113 mgMA/kg으로 함수율이 가장 높은 10% 처리구에서 가장 높은 TBARS 가를 나타내었다. 미생물 변화에서 총 균수는 저장 3일에 함수율 6% 처리구에서 4.04, 8% 처리구 4.12, 10% 처리구 4.56 $logCFU/cm^2$로 함수율이 증가할수록 약간씩 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. E. coli 수는 저장 3일에 함수율 6% 처리구에서 0.93, 8% 처리구 1.40, 10% 처리구 1.28 $logCFU/cm^2$로 함수율이 낮을수록 감소하였다. 이러한 경향은 coliform 수에서도 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 포장 닭고기에서 함수율이 증가함에 따라 육색이 달라지고, 지방산패도가 증가할 뿐 아니라 미생물 증식이 활성화 되는 것으로 나타나 포장 닭고기에 대한 함수율은 낮을수록 유통 중에 저장성이 향상될 것으로 사료된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2009

This study reports on the geometry optimizations and electronic structure calculations for methyl pyropheophorbide (MPPa), tropolonyl methyl pyropheophorbides (TMPPa, ITMPPa), and cationic tropolonyl methyl pyropheophorbides ($TMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-,\;ITMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-,\;TMPPa^+,\;and\;ITMPPa^+$) using Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA/ 6-31G*) and the Restricted Hatree-Fock (RHF/6-31G*) level theory. From the calculated results, we found that substituted cationic tropolonyl groups have larger structural effects than those of substituted neutral tropolonyl groups. The order of structural change effects is $ITMPPa^+ > ITMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-$ > ITMPPa, as a result of the isopropyl group. Because it is an electron-releasing group, the substituted isopropyl group electronic effect on a 3-position tropolone increases the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy gap. It was constituted that the larger the cationic characters of these photosensitizers, the smaller the HOMOLUMO band gaps are. The orbital energies of the cationic systems and the ions are stronger than those of a neutral system because of a strong electrostatic interaction. However, this stabilization of orbital energies are counteracted by the distortion of chlorin macrocycle, which results in a large destabilization of chlorin-based compound HOMOs and smaller destabilization of LUMOs as shown in TMPPa (ITMPPa), $TMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^- (ITMPPa^+{{\cdot}BF_4}^-),\;and\;TMPPa^+\;(ITMPPa^+)$ of Figure 6 and Table 6-7. These results are in reasonable agreement with normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) results. The HOMO-LUMO gap is an important factor to consider in the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT).

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2012

Magnesium alloy have good physical properties such as good castability, good vibration absorption, high strength/weight ratios. Despite the desirable properties, the poor resistance of Mg alloy impedes their use in many various applications. Therefore, magnesium alloy require surface treatment to improve hardness, corrosion and wear resistance. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is one the surface treatment methods to form oxide layer on Mg alloy in alkali electrolyte. In comparison with Anodizing, there is environmental process having higher hardness and faster deposition rate. In this study, the characteristics of oxide film were examined after coating the AZ31 Mg alloy through the PEO process. We changed concentration of sodium aluminate into $K_2ZrF_6$, KF base electrolyte. The morphologies of the coating layer were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion resistance also investigated by potentiodynamic polarization analysis. As a result, propertiy of oxide layer were changed by concentration of sodium aluminate. Increasing with concentration of sodium aluminate in electrolyte, the oxidation layer was denser and the pore size was smaller on the surface.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1992

1991년(年) 7월(月) 20일(日)에 부산시(釜山市) 남구(南區) 남천동(南川洞) 연안(沿岸)에서 채집한 친어(親魚)를 실험실(實驗室)에서 사육중 7월(月) 26일(日)에 사육수조 내의 조개 껍질 내면에 자연산난(自然産卵)한 난(卵)에서 부화(孵化)한 자어(仔魚)를 사육(飼育)하면서 자치어(仔稚魚)의 외부와 내부 형태를 관찰하였다. 1. 부화(孵化) 10일째의 자어(仔魚)는 평균전장(平均全長)이 5.80mm로 난황이 완전하게 흡수되어 후기자어(後期仔魚)에 달하며, 흑색소포(黑色素胞)는 가슴지느러미 아래쪽 막지느러미 위와 꼬리의 배쪽 가장자리를 따라 각 근절(筋節)마다 한개씩 출현한다. 2. 부화(孵化) 13일째의 후기자어(後期仔魚)는 평균전장(平均全長)이 6.20mm로 척색말단(脊索末端)은 위로 굽어지고, 등지느러미와 뒷지느러미가 생길 부분이 융기(隆起)하기 시작한다. 3. 부화(孵化) 31일째의 자어(仔魚)는 평균전장(平均全長)이 15.80mm로 모든 지느러미 줄기가 정수(定數)에 달해 있고, 눈 바로 위에 한쌍의 피변(皮弁)이 형성되어 있으며, 체측(體側)에 반문(斑紋)이 형성되어 있다. 4. 골격의 골화는 부화후(孵化後) 11일째(평균전장(平均全長) 6.00mm)에 두개골(頭蓋骨)중 부설골(副楔骨)이 가장 먼저 골화하기 시작한다. 5. 척치골(脊稚骨)의 추체(椎體)는 16~17일째(평균전장(平均全長) 7.50mm)의 후기자어(後期仔魚)에서 골화가 일어나기 시작하며, 앞쪽에서 뒤쪽으로 골화가 진행된다. 그리고 미골(尾骨) 중(中)의 미부봉상골(尾部棒狀骨)은 앞의 추체(椎體)가 완전히 골화되기 전에 골화가 시작된다. 6. 대부분의 내부골격은 부화(孵化) 31일째(평균전장(平均全長) 15.80mm)에 거의 골화가 완성되어 성어(成魚)와 비슷한 형태(形態)를 가진다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.207-211
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, radiographic appearance, and characteristics of patients with zygomatic air cell defect (ZACD), and to give recommendations concerning radiographic evaluation and surgery. Materials and Methods: Routine panoramic radiographs of 1,400 patients admitted to the Kyungpook National University Hospital Dental Clinic, were retrospectively examined for the clinical and radiographic features of ZACD. Results: ZACD was found in 31 cases, representing a prevalence of 2.2%. Patients with ZACD had a mean age of 27.5 years and a range of 9-52 years. Most ZACD cases were in their thirties. ZACD showed a strong male prediliction, 22 of the 31 subjects were males and 9 were females. Twenty-four cases of ZACD (77.4%) were unilateral, with the half occurring on the right side. In seven cases (22.6%), ZACD was bilateral. Twenty-six (68.4%) of the defects were of unilocular, while twelve (31.6%) of the defects were multilocular. Conclusion: Knowledge of ZACD may be helpful in interpreting images, including panoramic radiographs, in planning surgical treatment of the TMJ and in understanding the spread of pathological processes into the joint.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2008

Recently, Sun et al (2008) reported that the IL6R polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia. Therefore, to detect the association between polymorphisms of interleukin 31 receptor A (IL31RA) and schizophrenia, we genotyped 9 SNPs [rs9292101 (intron 1), rs1009639 (exon 2, Pr043Pro), rs2161582 (intron 2), rs68761890 (intron 5), rs16884629 (intron 6), rs11956465 (intron 12), rs12153724 (intron 12), and rs16884641 (intron 14)] using the Golden Gate assay on Illumina BeadStation 500 GX. Two hundred eighteen patients with schizophrenia and 379 normal subjects were recruited. Patients with schizophrenia were diagnosed according to DSM-IV, and control subjects without history of psychiatric disorders were selected. We used SNPStats, Haploview, HapAnalyzer, SNPAnalyzer, and Helixtree programs for the evaluation of genetic data. Of nine polymorphisms, three SNPs (rs9292101, rs1009639, and rs11956465) were associated with schizophrenia. The rs9292101 and rs11956465 showed significant associations with the risk of schizophrenia in the codominant [rs9292101, odds ratio (OR)=0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.58${\sim}$0.95, p=0.017] and recessive (rs11956465, OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.42${\sim}$0.96, p=0.034) models, respectively. The rs1009639 also was statistically related to schizophrenia in both codominant (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.60${\sim}$0.97, p=0.025) and dominant (OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.44${\sim}$0.98, p=0.035) models. Two linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks were made. In the analysis of haplotypes, a haplotype (GCT) in block 1 and a haplotype (CCACAG) in block 2 showed significant associations between schizophrenia and control groups (haplotype GCT, frequency=0.509, chi square=4.199, p=0.040; haplotype CCACAG, frequency=0.289, chi square=5.691, p=0.017). The results suggest that IL31RA may be associated with risk of schizophrenia in Korean population.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.292-298
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• 2007

과거 소아치과 치료의 경향은 충치 및 발치 등의 주소에 따른 치료 중심이었지만 최근 출생률 감소, 우식 유병율 감소, 보호자의 치과적 지식의 증가에 따라 그 양상이 변화하고 있다. 이러한 변화양상을 파악하고 앞으로 전북 지역 어린이 환자 치료의 방향을 설정하고자 본 조사를 시행하였다. 1998년 1월 1일부터 2005년 12월 31일까지 전북대학교치과병원 소아치과에 내원한 모든 초진환자를 대상으로 분포를 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1.초진환자의 수는 2004년까지 증가하다가 2005년에는 감소하였으며, 남아가 여아보다 많았다. 2. 방학기간에 초진환자의 수가 증가하였다. 3. 내원 환아의 97.7%가 도내 거주자였다. 4. 연령별 분포에서 31개월${\sim}6$세 군이 48.2%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 $7{\sim}13$세 군이 31.3%, $13{\sim}30$개월 군이 17.2%였다. 5. 의뢰되어 내원한 환자가 33.8%였으며 의뢰된 환자 중 31개월${\sim}6$세 군이 49.5%로 가장 많았고, $7{\sim}13$세 군이 35.2%, $13{\sim}30$세 군이 12.9%를 나타냈다. 6. 전신질환을 가진 환자는 전체의 5.5%를 차지했으며, 이 중 심혈관질환이 21.8%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였고, 정신지체가 13.6%, 호흡기질환이 11.0%순 이었다. 7. 내원환자들은 치아우식증을 수소로 내원한 경우가 42.9%로 가장 많았다. 8. 치수치료, 수복, 보철 치료가 전체 치료의 42.6%로 가장 많았다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.887-896
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• 2004

제주말의 혈통보존을 위한 기초자료를 마련할 목적으로 국내에서 사육중인 몽고말 19두를 대상으로 적혈구항원형 및 혈액단백질형의 표현형 분포와 유전자 빈도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 적혈구항원형의 표현형은 $A^af$(42.1%), $C^a$(89.5%), $K^-$((84.2%), $U^a$(63.2%), $P^a$(42.1%) $P^-$(42.1%), $Q^c$(31.6%), $Q^-$(31.6%)에서 높은 빈도를 나타냈으며 적혈구항원형 D 시스템의 유전자형은 $D^cgm/dghm$ (15.8%), $D^dghm/dghm$(15.8%), $D^ad/dghm$(10.5%), $D^ade/dghm$ (10.5%)가 높은 빈도 순으로 관찰되었다. 혈액단백질형 7개의 좌위에서는 $AL^{AB}$(52.6%), $AIB^K$( (89.5%), $ES^I$(63.2%), $GC^F$(78.9%), $HB^{BI}$(68.4%),$PGD^F$(84.2%), $TF^{F1R}I$(21.1%), $TF^{F2R}I$(21.1%)로 높은 빈도를 보였으며, $HB^{A2B2}I$(5.3%), $PGD^{DS}I$(5.3%)가 특이하게 관찰되었다. 적혈구항원형의 유전자 빈도를 조사한 결과 $A^a$(0.4211), $C^a$(0.8947), $K^-$(0.8421), $U^a$(0.6316), $P^a$ (0.4474), $Q^c$(0.4474), $D^{dghm}$(0.4211)로 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으며, 혈액단백질형 7개 좌위에 대해서 유전자 빈도를 조사한 결과 $AL^B$(0.6579), $AIB^K$(0.9211), $ES^I$(0.7895), $GC^F$(0.8947), $HB^BI$ (0.7895), $PGD^F$(0.8421), $TF^R$(0.3421)가 높은 빈도로 관찰되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1669-1680
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• 2010

The phase-shifted version of the multichannel quantum-defect theory (MQDT) was reformulated by disentangling the interloper spectrum from the perturbed dense Rydberg series for a systems involving 2 closed and more than 1 open channel. The theory was applied successfully to Martins and Zimmermann's photoionization spectra of the Rydberg series Cu I $3d^9\;4s(^1D_2)\;nd^2G_{9/2}$ perturbed by the interloper, $3d^9\;4p^2\;^4F_{9/2}$, for which Cohen's 4 channel QDT had failed. The zero surface graphic of the perturbed Fano's asymmetry parameter q of the autoionization spectrum of dense Rydberg series by the interloper was determined by only two parameters for this system. It was used as a map to trace the transformation route of the 3 channel autoionization spectra to the 4 channel spectra when the channel coupling of the closed channels with a newly added open channel was turned on progressively.

• Mycobiology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2003

Sclerotia of Grifola umbellata were cultivated by two methods such as burying and root inoculation methods. The sclerotia of G. umbellata produced by the burying method were $6.0{\sim}6.8{\times}3.4{\sim}4.6{\times}1.8{\sim}1.9cm$(Width$\times$Length$\times$Thickness) in size and $17.3{\sim}19.6g$ in weight, respectively. Their increase rate was $1.10{\times}1.12$ times. On the other hand, the sclerotia cultivated by the root inoculation method were $18.3{\sim}31.5{\times}12.5{\sim}26.4{\times}3.1{\sim}3.7cm(W{\times}L{\times}T)$ in size and $219.1{\sim}576.6g$ in weight, respectively. Their growth increment was $11.18{\sim}39.77$ times. The rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea were developed with a high density under fallen leaves layer covering cultivation site, and distributed mainly between soil surface and soil depth of about 10 cm as well as colonized prominently on the inoculated wood logs. Fungal interaction between G. umbellata and A. mellea were observed mainly in the stage of white sclerotium of G. umbellata. The sclerotia of G. umbellata which were developed newly and harvested in the root inoculation method were twined with root hairs of host tree and rhizomorphs of A. mellea. The sclerotia of G. umbellata decomposing root hairs of host tree were confirmed through SEM examination. Physiochemical characteristics of soil in all cultivation sites had no significant differences. Soil pH were in the range of pH $3.98{\sim}4.40$. Organic matters were the range of $17.97{\sim}23.86%$ and moisture contents of soil were $12.00{\sim}18.20%$. Soil temperatures showed $12.9{\sim}13.8^{\circ}C$ in November and $22.0{\sim}23.9^{\circ}C$ in August, respectively. In conclusion, the root inoculation method seems to be a practical method for cultivating sclerotia of G. umbellata due to its many advantages such as simplicity of inoculation process, shortening of cultivation periods and facility of harvest.