• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the general effects of low-frequency electrical stimulation of the ankle joint acupuncture points(BL62 and KI6) on the brain waves of elderly women as a pilot study to figure out the possibility of candidate non-invasive and non-chemical stimulation method for the enhancing the brain function. Methods : A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial was performed in 31 healthy women(mean age, 54.5 years) within a treatment duration of 12 sessions. In the experimental group, low-frequency electrical stimulation was applied using the maximum range of the individual insensible strength(mean current, $0.04{\mu}A$). The control group received sham stimulation. The background electroencephalographic activity was measured before and after the12 sessions. Results : After 12 sessions of stimulation, the relative power of the alpha wave increased(32 of 32 channels: significant difference in 11 channels, p<0.05); the theta(30 of 32 channels: significant difference in 10 channels, p<0.05), beta(31 of 32 channels), and gamma(30 of 32 channels: significant difference in 7 channels, p<0.05) powers were also decreased compared with the sham group. Conclusions : Electrical stimulation on the ankle joint acupuncture points(BL62 and KI6) seemed to stabilize the elderly women brain by inducing the alpha power and reducing beta, theta, and gamma powers. These results provide insight into the action mechanism of the stimulation and can assist the future developement of a non-invasive and non-chemical treatment technique for stressor related cognitive problems.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.37-43
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• 2013

This study targets to make clear the connection between MS (Martensite start) point and welding shrinkage. We approved that a Martensite-transformed weldment may not yield state under low MS point, but also admitted the limitation of numerical calculation by inherent strain approach or thermal strain approach. Therefore, new thermal strain formulae during cooling stages were made. As a thermal strain is obtained by integrating thermal extension coefficient, a constant of integration should be decided. In our suggested formulae, the origin was based on totally remained austenite, and added strain from volume changes in Martensite transformation was based on totally transformed ferrite. Through the suggested methodology, It is verified that an MS point under a critical temperature can let weld shrinkage relax and the critical value can be obtained. For supporting this process, 15 weld-consumables were made, were tested by fillet type and were measured. As a result, a positive correlation between MS point and level of weld-distortion was obtained, but it was rather weak.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.189-195
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lamotrigine for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with epilepsy. Methods: Pediatric patients newly diagnosed with epilepsy (n=90 [61 boys and 29 girls]; mean age, $9.1{\pm}3.4years$) were enrolled. All patients were evaluated with the Korean ADHD rating scale (K-ARS)-IV before treatment with lamotrigine and after doses had been administered. The mean interval of ADHD testing was approximately 12.3 months. The initial dosage of lamotrigine was 1 mg/kg/day (maximum 25 mg/day for the first 2 weeks), and increased by 1 mg/kg every 2 weeks until titrated up to 7 mg/kg/day (or maximum 200 mg/day). Results: The mean ADHD test score of the 90 subjects was $17.0{\pm}1.8$ at baseline. It was slightly reduced to $15.6{\pm}1.7$ after lamotrigine monotherapy (P>0.01). Prior to treatment, a total of 31 patients (34.4%) met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, Of these 31 patients, 27 (87.1%) had significantly improved ADHD scores with lamotrigine monotherapy ($28.0{\pm}1.6$ reduced to $18.1{\pm}2.6$, P<0.001). Among these 27 patients, 25 (92.6%) showed normalized electroencephalogram (EEG) and 26 (96.3%) achieved total freedom from seizures within 12 months of the initiation of lamotrigine monotherapy. Conclusion: The results from our study show that lamotrigine had a positive effect in pediatric epilepsy patients by reducing ADHD symptoms, preventing seizures, and normalizing EEG. However, further research is required to determine whether lamotrigine is efficacious against ADHD symptoms independent of its effects on epileptic seizures.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 2017

During a comprehensive investigation of indigenous prokaryotic species in Korea, a total 31 bacterial strains assigned to the class Alphaproteobacteria were isolated from diverse environmental habitats including freshwater, seawater, brackish water, ginseng soil, plant roots, natural caves, and tidal flats. Based on their high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities(>99.1%) and formation of robust phylogenetic clades with the closest type species, each strain was assigned to an independent and predefined bacterial species. Because there were no published or official reports regarding the isolation of these 31 species in Korea, this study identified three species in two genera in the order Caulobacterales, 12 species in 10 genera in the order Rhodobacterales, three species in two genera in the order Rhizobiales, two species in two genera in the order Rhodospirillales and 11 species in seven genera, all in the order Sphingomonadaceae within the Alphaproteobacteria are reported as new alphaproteobacterial species in Korea. Gram reaction, colony and cell morphology, basic biochemical characteristics, isolation source, and strain IDs are described in the species description section.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.2223-2227
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• 2010

Reaction of [(bpy)Pd]$(PF_6)_2$ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) with racemic bis(isonicotinoyl)-1,1'-bi-2-naphtholate (L) in acetone, and followed by addition of chloroform and solvent evaporation allows to form amorphous micro-bowl morphology consisting of $[(bpy)PdL]_2(PF_6)_4$ without any template or additive. In contrast, the reaction and recrystallization in acetone for 1 week produce parallel-piped single crystals consisting of $[(bpy)_3Pd_3({\mu}_3-HPO_4)_2](PF_6)_2$. The formations of micro-bowl and parallel-piped single crystal morphologies appear to be primarily associated with the kinetic and thermodynamic control, respectively. The formation of micro-bowls may be attributed to eruption of organic solvents. Cosolvent effects and chemical properties on the formation of micro-bowl morphology have been observed.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2014

This paper describes an experimental approach to evaluate the effective doses of space radiations at high-altitude by combining the measured data from the Liulin-6K spectrometer loaded onto the air-borne RC-800 cockpit and the calculated data from CARI-6M code developed by FAA. In this paper, 15 exposed dose experiments for the flight missions at a high-altitude above 10 km and 3 experiments at a normal altitude below 4 km were executed over the Korean Peninsula in 2012. The results from the high-altitude flight measurements show a dramatic change in the exposed doses as the altitude increases. The effective dose levels (an average of $15.27{\mu}Sv$) of aircrew at the high-altitude are an order of magnitude larger than those (an average of $0.30{\mu}Sv$) of the normal altitude flight. The comparison was made between the measure dose levels and the calculated dose levels and those were similar each other. It indicates that the annual dose levels of the aircrew boarding RC-800 could be above 1 mSv. These results suggest that a proper procedure to manage the exposed dose of aircrew is required for ROK Air Force.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2010

Three organic sensitizers, JK-128, JK-129, and JK-130 containing quinoline unit are designed and synthesized. Under standard global AM 1.5 solar condition, the JK-130 sensitized solar cell gave a short circuit photocurrent density of 11.52 mA $cm^{-2}$, an open circuit voltage of 0.70 V, and a fill factor of 0.75, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.07%. We found that the $\eta$ of JK-130 was higher than those of other two cells due to the higher photocurrent. The higher $J_{sc}$ value is attributed to the broad and intense absorption spectrum of JK-130.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.2801-2805
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• 2010

A nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBF-Cl) with anilines in MeOH-MeCN mixtures was conducted at 25, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$. Based on the higher $\beta_{nuc}$ values (1.0 - 1.6) of the reaction and a good correlation of the rate constants with the reduction potentials of the aniline nucleophiles, the present reaction was initiated by a single electron transfer (SET). After this step, the reaction proceeds through a transition state similar to the normal $S_NAr$-Ad.E pathway.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.850-858
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• 2010

The electronic absorption spectra of five Schiff bases derived from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with glycine, alanine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine have been measured in various solvents. The observed bands were assigned to the proper electronic transitions and compared with the predicted transitions at the semiempirical level of theory. The calculated equilibrium constants are in agreement with the experimental results, predicting the existence of all studied compounds predominantly or completely in keto-imine tautomerism. On the other hand, a correlation between $\nu\;(cm^{-1})$ (main frequency of each compound) and the well known solvent parameters $E_T$ (30), $\varepsilon_T$, $\pi^*$ been made. Furthermore, the acid dissociation constants, $pK_a$, were determined by using three different spectrophotometric methods.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2010

The new idarubicin analogues (12 and 13) with a glucose or galactoseas as a glycone were synthesized from daunomycin (2). (+)-4-Demethoxydaunomycinone (6) obtained from reaction of 2 with $AlCl_3$ was converted to 4-trifluoromethanesulfonyl daunomycinone (7) through reaction with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. The treatment of 7 with 1,1-bis-(diphenylphospino)ferrocene/$Pd(OAc)_2$ in triethylamine/formic acid/dioxane provided the idarubicinone (5b). Glycosylation of 7-hydroxy group of 5b with two kinds of tetraacetyl pyranosyl halide (8 and 9) by a modified Koenigs-Knorr procedure and then deacetylation using aqueous 0.1 N LiOH solution and amberlite cationic resin gave the objective materials. The in vitro MTT assay of the analogues (12b and 13a) in comparison with idarubicin (5a) on peripheral blood human promyelocytic-leukemia cell line and human breast cancer cell line were also described.