• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.483-487
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to examine the natural origin of propionic acid in rice cakes by investigating the growth characteristics of the microflora and their production of propionic acid in the Joraengyi rice cake during storage period. The experiment was done in two stages within a period of three month: the rice cake fresh and contaminated with cocktail propionibacterium. The propionic acid production was analyzed according to the storage time and temperature by GC-FID (Gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector). During the storage of the fresh Joraengyi rice cake without alcohol at $30^{\circ}C$, about 95 mg/L of propionic acid was detected in 1st week, 330 mg/L in 4th week, 850 mg/L in 6th week, 970 mg/L in 8th week, and 1,040 mg/L in 12th week. During the storage of the Joraengyi rice cake which was contaminated with cocktail propionibacterium at $30^{\circ}C$, about 100 mg/L was detected from the rice cake with alcohol in the 1st week, 270 mg/L in 2nd week, about 470 mg/L in 4th week, and 660 mg/L in 8th week. This study demonstratesd the natural production of propionic acid during storage of the Joraengyi rice cake. To prevent the production, it is necessary to thoroughly manage hygiene and store it at refrigerated temperature or below $20^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.711-720
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium humate and enzymes (Xylanase+Amylase+Protease) inclusion in diets on carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of broilers fed canola-based diets. Methods: Two hundred and twenty broilers randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments: the control (commercial broiler diet); CM (17.5% canola meal inclusion); CMEnz (17.5% CM inclusion+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP); CMPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% Potassium Humate, PH); and CMEnzPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% PH+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP) were slaughtered at day 42 for assessment of carcass and meat quality parameters. Results: Diet had no effect on carcass traits apart from breast muscle weight and breast muscle index. The highest breast muscle weight was observed in broilers fed CMEnz ($487.6{\pm}17.5g$) followed by those fed the control diet ($474.37{\pm}17.5g$). Diet also had no significant dietary effect on pH, temperature, drip loss and shear force values of the breast muscle. However, diet significantly affected meat colour and water-holding capacity. Broilers in the control and CMPh groups ($52.94{\pm}0.67$ and $52.91{\pm}0.67$) had the highest (p<0.05) values for lightness ($L^*$), whilst those fed CMEnzPh had the lowest value ($47.94{\pm}0.67$). In contrast, CM group had the lowest (p<0.05) value for redness ($a^*$) with CMEnzPh group having the highest values. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio were increased in CM-based diets containing enzymes and humic acid. Conclusion: It can, therefore, be concluded that CM can be included in broiler diets in the presence of enzymes and humic acid with positive effects on meat quality and important fatty acids that are beneficial to the health of consumers.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2021

Previous studies have reported that deep neck flexor (DNF) exercise can improve neck problems, including neck pain, forward head posture, and headache, by targeting the deep and superficial muscles of the neck. Despite the prevailing opinion across studies, the benefits of DNF can vary according to the type of neck problems and the outcome measures adopted, ranging from positive outcomes to non-significant benefits. A meta-analysis was conducted in this study to assess conclusive evidence of the impact of DNF exercise on individuals with neck problems. We used PUBMED, MEDLINE, NDSL, EMBASE, and Web of Science to search for primary studies and the key terms used in these searches were "forward head posture (FHP)," "biofeedback," "pressure biofeedback unit," "stabilizer," "headache," and "neck pain." Twenty-four eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis and were coded according to the type of neck problems and outcome measures described, such as pain, endurance, involvement of neck muscle, craniovertebral angle (CVA), neck disability index (NDI), cervical range of motion (CROM), radiographs of the neck, posture, strength, endurance, and headache disability index. The overall effect size of the DNF exercise was 0.489. The effect sizes of the neck problems were 0.556 (neck pain), -1.278 (FHP), 0.176 (headache), and 1.850 (mix). The effect sizes of outcome measures were 1.045 (pain), 0.966 (endurance), 0.894 (deep neck flexor), 0.608 (superficial neck flexor), 0.487 (CVA), 0.409 (NDI), and 0.252 (CROM). According to the results of this study, DNF exercise can effectively reduce neck pain. Thus, DNF exercise is highly recommend as an effective exercise method for individuals suffering from neck pain.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.475-487
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• 2023

We surveyed the distribution of soil layers on Dongdo and Seodo of Dokdo and measured the physical properties of the soils. To investigate the distribution of soil layers, the soil depth was measured directly in accessible locations, and visual observations of inaccessible locations were carried out using drones and boats. Soil depths ranged from 3 to 50 cm, and most soil layers had depths of 10~20 cm. Based on these results, a map of the soil layer was drawn using 5 cm intervals for soil depth. To analyze the soil characteristics of Dokdo, soil samples were collected from 13 locations on Dongdo and 13 locations on Seodo, in consideration of various geological settings. According to the results of grain size distribution tests, sand contents were >75%, and soil from Seodo contained more gravel-sized particles than that from Dongdo. Using the unified soil classification system (USCS) and textural classification chart of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), most of the soil samples from Dokdo are classified as sand, and some are classified as loamy or clayey sand. In addition, well-graded loamy or clayey sands are more common in Dongdo, and poorly graded sands with gravel are more common in Seodo. These results are expected to be important for studying soil characteristics on Dokdo.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.480-487
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• 2009

The herbicide dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) in soil and plants was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The samples were extracted with diethyl ether at pH 2, and washed with 0.1 N HCl, and then dried. The dried residue was derivatized in 1 mL of 10% $H_2SO_4$-MeOH for 2 hr at $80^{\circ}C$. The reaction mixture was neutralized with 4 mL of sodium bicarbonate solution and reextracted with 5 mL of diethyl ether. After the extract was concentrated, dicamba was determined by GC/MS-SIM mode. There was good linearity above 0.999 in the ranges of the $1.0{\sim}100{\mu}g/kg$. Total 42 sample including 32 soil samples and 10 plants samples were analyzed by developed method. Dicamba was detected in the concentration range of $2.9-123.9{\mu}g/kg$ in 15 samples among 32 soil samples and in the concentration range of $43-33,252{\mu}g/kg$ in 5 samples among 10 plants samples. A cause of the wither and die of the pine trees is suspected to spray dicamba around or directly to them.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.487-499
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out the degree of powerlessness factors among elderly and by examining the variables(perceived health status, ability of daily living activity, self-esteem, depression, family support, loneliness) which affect such factors. By searching for methods to improve the quality of life for the elderly, efficient nursing procedures can be developed, thereby leading to successful aging. For the study, we purposively collected 300 elderly above the age of 65, residing in the areas of Seoul, Inchon, and Daejeon. 266 samples, survived the data screening, were analyzed by reliability analysis, Spearman correlation, and a multiple regression. As the results, first, the correlated factors of the elderly's powerlessness included depression(r=.597, p<.01), loneliness (r=.423, p<.01), ability of daily living activity(r=.374, p<.01), perceived health status(r=-.304, p<.01), family support(r=-.384, p<.01), and self-esteem(r=-.420, p<.01). Second, factors influencing of powerlessness of them were to show in order of depression(β=.373), loneliness(β=.265), spouse(β=.099), family support(β=.090), monthly allowances(β=.013), these variables accounted for 45.7% of the variance of the elderly's powerlessness. Depression showed to be the most important of the powerlessness factors for the elderly. These findings suggest that nursing researchers need to consider important factors affecting the elderly's powerlessness and nursing interventions focusing on the issues need to be developed.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.467-485
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• 2012

National Health Insurance Corporation initiated Home and Community Long-term care Agency Quality Assessment(HCLA-QA) program in 2010. This study aims to explore long-term care agencies' perceptions and attitudes toward HCLA-QA program, focused on the home-visit care agencies. Total 473 agencies completed the questionnaires(response rate 13.6%), using the e-mail and fax survey methods with high-capacity web-fax server of NHIC. On the results of this study, we found the agencies' different perceptions and attitudes on HCLA-QA program according to their quality ratings as QA results. Compared to the agencies with low quality ratings, the agencies with high quality ratings tend to have more time for preparation, better understandings about HCLA-QA program, more positive perceptions that quality indicators generally are valid, and more affirmative attitudes that the notifications of QA results are helpful for agencies. Our findings can be very useful for establishing strategies for improving the HCLA-QA program. The policy makers, the insurer, and the agencies need to consider the opinions of the agencies with high quality ratings as well as the ones with low quality ratings.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2020

참취(Aster scaber)는 국화과에 속하는 여러해살이식물로 취나물로 분류되어 전국에서 재배되고 있으며 최근 성인병 예방 효과와 무공해 건강식품으로 연중 소비가 증대되고 있으며, 주로 시설재배 작형으로 많이 재배하고 있다. 참취 시설재배지는 양분의 과다투입에 의한 염류집적과 잦은 관수로 물리성이 악화 되어 참취의 생육이 저하되어 수량이 감소하여 통상 3년 마다 종묘 갱신이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 토양개량제 처리에 따른 토양 물리화학성과 참취의 생육에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 참취 시설재배 농가에 활용할 수 있는 방안을 개발하고자 시험을 수행하였다. 2018년 4월부터 2020년 11월까지 전라북도 농업기술원 허브산채시험장에서 참취 시설재배를 대상으로 무처리, 볏짚, 왕겨숯, 야자섬유 등을 10a당 1,000kg 처리하여 시기별 토양 이화학성, 생육특성을 조사하였다. 자재 처리 후 토양물리성의 변화는 볏짚 시용에서 가장 낮은 용적밀도 1.35g/cm³와 가장 높은 공극률 49.04%을 보였다. 토양 삼상 중 고상은 왕겨숯에서 52.82%로, 액상은 왕겨숯에서 30.28%로, 기상은 볏짚에서 22.45%로 가장 높았다. 토양 화학적 특성을 조사한 결과 모든 처리구에서 토양유기물 함량은 증가하였고, 유효인산은 함량은 440~487mg/kg로 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 칼륨은 0.77~0.88cmol_c/kg로 낮아졌고, 칼슘과 11.56~14.09cmol_c/kg, 마그네슘은 2.93~3.22cmol_c/kg로 증가하였다. 생육특성은 볏짚 처리구에서 초장 26.4cm, 엽장 8.7cm, 엽폭 6.7cm, 줄기수 7.2주로 다른 처리구에 비해 좋은 생육이 좋았으며, 수량 또한 볏짚 처리구에서 1,554.3kg/10a로 가장 높았다. 지하부 생육특성은 볏짚 처리구에서 근중 83.7g/주, 근장 28.2cm, 근직경mm로 다른 처리구에 비해 생육이 양호하였다. 참취 다년재배지 정신 전 볏짚을 시용함으로써 토양의 유기물함량 증가와 용적밀도 감소, 공극율 증가 등 토양의 물리화학성을 개선하여 참취 수량성 증대효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.487-493
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• 2008

Recently, in proportion to the remarkable development of dentistry and income increases it is growing more and more a concern about changed awareness in appearance. In this study, it had a grasp of the purpose for university hospital visiting, the motive of the commencement for orthodontic treatment and a method of the treatment as well as term. Based on these, the aim of this study is to keep more of the information between parent and doctors for mutual understanding and to grasp the characteristics for the needs of orthodontic treatment. In order to conduct researches, there has made a survey of 150 persons among orthodontic patients' parents who visit CBNU hospital, the pediatric dentistry. The study has found the results like these. 1. There was a question about the reason to visit CBNU hospital in the department of pediatric dentistry for orthodontic treatment. 52.1% of respondents, the survey found, were more likely to receive a good medical service. 25% of them were counselled from a relative or an acquaintance. 16.7% of them were recommended by another dental clinic. 2. There was a question about the expected orthodontic treatment period, when at first hospital visiting. 37.5% of the respondents answered that it was a 'more than 2 years', 12.5% of them said 'from 12 months to 18 months'. 3. There was a question about the reason to receive orthodontic treatment. 58.3% of the respondents, the survey found, answered the reason was parents' concern about the malocclusion of their children, 12.5% of them said a the orthodontic problem pointed out by entourages. 4. There was a question about the method of orthodontic treatment for patients who visit the department in pediatric dentistry. 41.7% of the respondents said that it was used as 'an intra-oral fixed appliance', 29.2% of them said 'an intra-oral removable appliance', 2.1% of them said 'an extra-oral appliance', 5. There was a question about the waiting time for treatment after a dental appointment. 60.4% of the respondents said 'from 5 minutes to 10 minutes', 4.1% of them said 'from 15 minutes to 30 minutes'. There was a question about the extent of an acceptable waiting time. It was answered to 'from 5 minutes to 10 minutes' by 60.4% of them, 2.1% of them said 'from 15 minutes to 30 minutes'.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.481-487
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• 2011

Obesity not only reduces bone mineral density but also increases inflammatory markers. Therefore, we examined the change in inflammatory markers and morphological microstructure of the bones using a mouse model fed a high-fat diet. C57BL/6J 4-week-old male mice were divided into a control group (n = 6) and a experimental group (n = 6); the control group was provided with 10% Kcal fat diet, and the high-fat diet group was provided with 45% Kcal fat diet for 12 weeks using the free provision method. Blood was analyzed for inflammatory markers, and micro-computed tomography was used to measure the morphological microstructure of the femoral bone. The weight increases in the control group and high-fat diet group were $5.85{\pm}1.84g$ and $16.06{\pm}5.64g$, respectively (p < 0.01), glucose was $115.00{\pm}16.88mg/dL$ and $188.33{\pm}13.29mg/dL$ (p < 0.01), and triglycerides were $65.00{\pm}6.19mg/dL$ and $103.33{\pm}8.02mg/dL$ (p < 0.05) respectively. Leptin and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly higher in the high-fat diet group than that in the control group (p < 0.01). As a result of a biochemical index analysis of bone metabolism, osteocalcin tended to be lower in the high-fat diet group, whereas CTx was significantly higher in the high-fat diet group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.01). The thickness of the bony trabecula was significantly narrower in the high-fat diet group than that in the control group (p < 0.05), and the gap in the bony trabecula was significantly wider in the high-fat diet group than that in the control group (p < 0.05). IL-6 and the gap in the bone trabecula, which was a morphological microstructure of the bones, showed a positive correlation (p < 0.05). Taken together, inducing obesity through a high-fat diet in mice during the growth phase caused a change in bone microstructure and was correlated with the inflammation index. Accordingly, restriction of excessive fat intake may be needed to suppress the inflammatory reactions and promote normal bone formation.