• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.2008-2020
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary corn resistant starch (RS) on the intestinal morphology and barrier functions of broilers. Methods: A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatments: one normal corn-soybean (NC) diet, one corn-soybean-based diet supplementation with 20% corn starch (CS), and 3 corn-soybean-based diets supplementation with 4%, 8%, and 12% corn resistant starch (RS) (identified as 4% RS, 8% RS, and 12% RS, respectively). Each group had eight replicates with eight broilers per replicate. After 21 days feeding, one bird with a body weight (BW) close to the average BW of their replicate was selected and slaughtered. The samples of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum digesta, and blood were collected. Results: Birds fed 4% RS, 8% RS and 12% RS diets showed lower feed intake, BW gain, jejunal villus height (VH), duodenal crypt depth (CD), jejunal VH/CD ratio, duodenal goblet cell density as well as mucin1 mRNA expressions compared to the NC group, but showed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid and butyric acid, percentage of jejunal proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells and delta like canonical Notch ligand 4 (Dll4), and hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 mRNA expressions. However, there were no differences on the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactic acid concentration among all groups. Conclusion: These findings suggested that RS could suppress intestinal morphology and barrier functions by activating Notch pathway and inhibiting the development of goblet cells, resulting in decreased mucins and tight junction mRNA expression.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyze the physical attributes of the faces and affective words on the fares. For analyzing physical attributes inside of a face, 36 facial features were selected and almost of them were the lengths or distance values. For analyzing facial contour 14 points were selected and the lengths from nose-end to them were measured. The values of these features except ratio values normalized by facial vortical length or facial horizontal length because the face size of each person is different. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and four major factors were extracted: 'facial contour' component, 'vortical length of eye' component, 'facial width' component, 'eyebrow region' component. We supposed the five-dimensional imaginary space of faces using factor scores of PCA, and selected representative faces evenly in this space. On the other hand, the affective words on faces were collected from magazines and through surveys. The factor analysis and multidimensional scaling method were performed and two orthogonal dimensions for the affections on faces were suggested: babyish-mature and sharp-soft.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.716-724
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• 2015

Trienzyme extraction coupled with microplate assay (Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus) was validated and applied for the determination of folate (vitamin B9) in Korean ancestral rite foods. Foods included five Guk (Tang), eleven Sookchaes, eight Jeoks, nine Jeons, six Jjims, and twenty desserts. Folate was detected in all samples: Guk (Tang) 4.62~18.84, Sookchae 6.13~48.40, Jeok 5.49~49.50, Jeon 6.96~30.77, Jjim 10.34~38.88, and desserts $3.33{\sim}49.55{\mu}g/100g$. The lowest folate content was observed in Sikhye ($3.33{\mu}g/100g$), whereas the highest was observed in Songhwa-dasik ($49.55{\mu}g/100g$). Folate analyses of certified reference materials, BCR-121 (whole meal flour) and BCR-487 (pig liver), showed good recoveries of 90.0% (0.45 mg/kg) and 92.4% (12.3 mg/kg), respectively. The recoveries (96.0 to 106.2%) obtained by analyzing eight spiked samples with different matrices also showed good accuracy. Both repeatability and reproducibility were less than 5%, indicating good precision. The quality control chart (n>30) obtained by running commercial folate fortified-wheat flour once a week for about 10 months showed that all assays were under control. All validation method and analytical quality control results showed that folate contents in Korean ancestral rite foods produced by microplate assay were reliable enough to be used for the construction of a national folate database.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.757-768
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• 2002

These study were conducted to determine the effects of a whole or steam-flaked corn based diet on rumen microbial fermentation in vitro and ruminal metabolism in the Korean Native Goat(KNG) in vivo. The experiments consisted of two dietary treatments: control, steam-flaked corn(SFC) based diet(80%) + rice straw mixed(20%)(SFCR); 100% whole corn based diet(WC). The first experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of whole corn on ruminal metabolism in vitro for 0 to 48 h. pH values were optimally maintained during incubation time, and were not significantly different between treatments. Gas production of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration tended to increase for WC, but not significantly different between treatments. The mean value of total volatile fatty acid concentration of WC was significantly lower than SFCR(p<0.01), but SFCR and WC linearly increased as the time of incubation approached 48 h. Mean value of acetate concentration of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). Propionate concentration of WC for the total incubation time was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01). The digestibility of dry matter was not significantly different between treatments, but SFCR was somewhat higher than WC. The second experiment was conducted to effect of whole shelled corn based diet on rumen metabolism in KNG. pH values tended to decrease through all treatments. There was not a significantly difference between treatments. Microbial protein yield of SFCR was significantly higher than WC(p<0.01). $NH_3$-N concentration of WC was significantly (p<0.01) higher than SFCR. Total VFA and propionate concentration of WC was significantly higher than SFCR(p<0.01), but acetate concentrate of WC was not significantly higher than SFCR. The mean value of total lactate concentration was significantly(p<0.01) different but the value of SFCR and WC were lower than the average concentration of acidosis. In sacco DM disappearance rate of SFC was significantly(p<0.01) higher than WC.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effects of locally grown herbs (Mentha piperascens, PM; Rubus coreanus, RC; Tagetes patula, MG) on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chicken. A total of 600 1-d-old Ross male broiler chicks were divided into eight groups and were fed control diets (antibiotics-medicated or non-medicated commercial diets) or experimental diets (non-medicated diets containing 0.3 or 0.5% PM, 0.3 or 0.5% RC, or 0.3 or 0.5% MG) for 5wk. The body weight gains and feed conversion rates (FCRs) in all the groups that were fed diets containing PM, RC, or MG were significantly improved compared to those in the non-medicated control group (p<0.05). The relative weights of various organs, the serum cholesterol levels, and the GOT/GPT activities in all the groups were also not significantly different. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities in the groups that were fed diets containing 0.3% PM or 0.3% MG were significantly increased compared to those in the non-medicated control group (p<0.05). The number of cecal lactic-acid bacteria in the groups that were fed diets containing 0.3% PM or 0.5% RC tended to increase. The malondialdehyde contents in the leg muscles were significantly lowered by feeding with PM or MG (p<0.05). The physicochemical properties of the edible meat, including the shear force, water-holding capacity, heat loss, pH, and muscle color degrees $(CIEL^*.\;a^*.\;b^*)$, were not affected by the dietary treatments. It has been suggested that spontaneous Korean plants promote the growth of broilers and may delay lipid oxidation in edible muscles without any negative effect when added in broiler diets.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 1985

In order to investigate the effects of water temperature on chemical properties of soil and nutrient uptake of rice plant, four varieties of rice were cultivated in a field where water temperature range was $17.3-23.0^{\circ}C$ and plant samples were taken at three growing stages and were analyzed in detail. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Organic matter content and pH of surface soil were showed no differences while the contents of $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ were increased and potassium was decreased as the water temperature increased. 2. The amounts of nutrient uptake were related to the water temperature and the total nutrient contents of rice plants at harvesting stage were in order of $SiO_2$ > $K_2O$ > T-N > $P_2O_5$ > MgO. The rate of $SiO_2$/N and $K_2O$/N of rice plants grown at water temperature $23.0^{\circ}C$ were over two times to those of the water temperature $17.3^{\circ}C$. 3. Nutrient contents of rice plants showed a increasing tendency as increasing the water temperature. However, nutrient contents such as T-N at whole period, $P_2O_5$ at heading and harvesting stage, and $K_2O$ at heading stage were higher at low water temperature than those of high water temperature. 4. Most of nitrogen was translocated and accumulated in grain, potassium in straw respectively. All nutrients translocated to grain more easily as the water temperature increased.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.877-890
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different growing stages of winter cereal crops on the quality of silage materials and silages. Silages were made from the silage materials harvested at four growing stages(boot, heading, flowering, and yellow ripe) of barley, rye, oat, and wheat. Approximately 1 kg of silage materials harvested from each growing stage stored in vinyl bags with vacuum packing method and fermented at room temperature for 40 days. As the growing stages progressed, the moisture and crude protein contents of the silage materials decreased, and fiber contents(NDF, ADF and hemicellulose) increased. All the silage materials showed significantly higher contents of water soluble carbohydrate in the boot stages than in the flowering and yellow ripe stages. There was no tendency in acetic acid contents of silage materials cut at different growing stages. The overall pH of silage materials were in the range of 5.91-6.01, and there was no significant difference among growing stages. Buffering capacity of silage materials were in the range of 26.23-29.47meq/100g DM, and showed a tendency to decline as the growing stages proceeded. The moisture and crude protein contents of silages decreased significantly in all species as the growing stages proceeded, and the fiber contents vice versa. As the growing stages proceeded, the pH of the silages tended to increase, and the acetic, butyric, and lactic acid contents tended to decrease. The buffering capacity of silages had a tendency to decrease as the growing stages of winter cereal crops proceeded. Therefore, these features described above should be taken into consideration in order to make silages from winter crops economically.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2008

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation and is associated with hyper-production of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Recent studies have suggested that one of the treatments to alleviate symptoms of AD could be a supplementation of probiotics, Lactobacillus, Rhamnosus, Bifidus, etc. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics on immune parameters in NC/Nga mice treated with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro-benzene (DNCB). To induce atopic dermatitis, DNCB was treated to the back of mice for 2 weeks. Then, NC/Nga mice were divided into the four experimental groups randomly. Probiotics fragment, probiotics with other complex (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12LbL, L. plantarum K8, L. plantarum K8 fragment, ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid), antihistamine, and distilled water were administrated orally to the NC/Nga mouse for 4 weeks of experimental period. The groups were probiotics fragment group (DPF), probiotics with other complex group (DPOC), antihistamine group (DAH) and distilled water group (DDW) as a control group. The levels of serum IgE, interlukin-4 (IL-4), interlukin-5 (IL-5), interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) and spleenocyte IgE were measured. The levels of serum IgE were significantly different among the four experimental groups. Before the treatment, there was no differences among the groups. However, from the first through the third week of the treatments, the levels of serum IgE in the probiotics (DPF, DPOC) and antihistamine (DAH) groups were lower than those of control group (p < 0.05). The levels of serum IL-4 of DPOC group was significantly lower than that of control group (p < 0.05) and serum IL-5 levels of DPF, DPOC, and DAH groups were significantly lower than that of control group. The levels of serum IFN-${\gamma}$ were not different among the four experimental groups. The levels of serum IgE in supernatant of spleen lymphocytes were not significantly different among the groups. These results suggest that probiotics supplementation showed partial effectiveness in the DNCB treated NC/Nga mice via modulation of IgE level and IL-4, IL-5 production. Based on these findings, probiotics exhibited the inhibitory effect via IL-4 production thereby inhibited the production of IgE in atopic animal model NC/Nga mice.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.593-623
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• 1999

This experimental study was designed to verify the anti-aging efficacy of Eukmigihwangtang (EMGHT) and Rehmannia Radix, and determine the specific role and actions of Rehmannia Radix. Normal rat (2 months old), aging rat (8 months old), and pathologically induced rat (2 months old, injected 30mg/kg of streptozotocin) are observed to study the aging eliciting factors such as peroxide contents and enzyme activities. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. For the body weight changes, normal group given Rehmannia Radix showed decrease in the body weight compared to the control group, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the body weight, and STZ injected group showed suppression to the body weight loss when given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 2. For the content changes in serum lipid peroxide, normal group showed increasing level as the rat gets older. Aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 3. For the changes in serum hydroxyl radical, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the hydroxyl radical level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 4. For the changes in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the SOD activity compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the SOD activity compared to the control group. 5. For the content changes in hepatic lipid peroxide, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. 6. For the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. Cytochrome b5 activity was significantly decreased only in the STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 7. For the changes in hepatic aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the aminopyrine demethylase activity, and showed significant decrease in the aniline hydroxylase activity compared to the control group. 8. For the content changes in hepatic protein bound-SH and nonprotein bound-SH, againg group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 9. For the content changes in hepatic glutathione level, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 10. For the changes in hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase and decrease, respectively, compared to the control group. 11. For the changes in hepatic glutathione reductase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group, while $\gamma$-Glutamylcystein synthetase activity did not show significant changes. 12. For the changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. From the above results, the antioxidant effects of EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were proved, as well as the role of Rehmannia Radix, a chief of EMGHT, was examined. In addition, since no change was reconized as the quantity of Rehmannia Radix and the order herbs increased, the reasonableness on EMGHT was proven with respect to its composition and quantity. Thus, the significance of EMGHT could be objectively exmined in terms of its composition and quantity. Considering animals used in the experiment, there were obvious changes in aging rats and pathologically induced rats than in normal rats. Consequently, it was noticeable that EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were working selectively on the subjects.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1973

In order to study the effects of some chemical components of surface soils on the paddy yield in clayey Whadong series developed on old alluvium, NPK fertilizer experiments conducted from 1966 to 1969 were reviewed and discussed, and the results may be summarized as follows. 1. The paddy rice production of Whadong series without fertilizers varied from 156kg to 719kg per 10a. 2. The paddy yields in Whadong series were associated mainly with the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in surface soils, but not with those of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg and cation exchange capacity. 3. The contents of organic matter in these soils more effected in the paddy yield than those of phosphorus did. 4. In case less than 2.0% or more than 3.0% of organic matter in surface soils the effect of phosphate application was appreciable. The effect, however, was not recognized from 2.0 to 2.9% of organic matter. And the following suggestions were able to make. a. In case of less than 2.0% of organic matter, the effect was considered to be due to deficiency of available phosphorus in the soil. b. In case of more than 3.0% of organic matter, the greater effect was considered to be due to inhibition of P uptake even in higher P contents in soil. c. Consequently, correlation study of P testing in paddy soil should be limited to the soils which contains less than 2% of organic matter. d. If the contents of organic matter in paddy soils were above 3.0%, the effect of P application was considerable and considered to be due to inhibition of nutrient uptake. Accordingly, it is considered that only the increased application of P does not improve the production of paddy in such soils.