• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2013

This study tested the development of bechamel sauce with different ratios of soy milk to milk(0:4, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, 4:0) to examine changes in quality characteristics. Proximate composition analysis showed a decrease in salinity with increasing amounts of soy milk, while the moisture content and, density increases. The highest pH values were found for a 1:1 ratio of soy milk to milk (S2) and the lowest pH values were found for a 0:4 ratio of soy milk to milk (CON). The L-value decreased, while a and b values increased with increasing amounts of soy milk. In the stability test, segregation occurred in CON after 5 days, while the highest segregation occurred at a 4:0 ratio of soy milk to milk (S4). The sensory evaluation results showed that the color, thickness, savory flavor, and savory taste increased with increasing amounts of soy milk. In the acceptance test, a 1:3 ratio of soy milk to milk (S1) and a 1:1 ratio of soy milk to milk (S2) had the highest acceptance scores (p<0.001) for appearance, taste, texture, and overall acceptance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.523-531
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• 2008

Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to compare the effect of the same amount of 18:2 offered either as 18:2n-6 or as a mixture of unprotected 18:2c9t11 and 18:2t10c12 on feed intake, milk components as well as plasma and milk fatty acid profile. Fifteen cows were blocked by milk yield and milk fat percentage and within block assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 5). Each cow passed a 12-d adjustment period (AP) on a basal diet. After the AP cows received 1 of 3 supplements during an 18-d experimental period (EP). The supplements contained either 1.0 kg ground sunflower seeds (S), 0.5 kg conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-oil (C) or 0.75 kg of a mixture of ground sunflower seeds and CLA-oil (2:1; SC). All 3 supplements contained the same amount of 18:2 either as CLA (${\Sigma}18$:2c9t11+18:2t10c12, 1:1) or as 18:2c9c12. During the last 2 d of AP and the last 4 d of EP feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily and milk samples were collected at each milking. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 11 of AP and d 15 and 18 of EP. The 18:2 intake increased in all treatments from AP to EP. Regardless of the amount of supplemented CLA, the milk fat percentage decreased by 2.35 and 2.10%-units in treatment C and SC, respectively, whereas in the treatment S the decrease was with 0.99%-unit less pronounced. Thus, C and SC cows excreted daily a lower amount of milk fat than S cows. The concentration of trans 18:1 in the plasma and the milk increased from AP to EP and increased with increasing dietary CLA supply. While the concentration of 18:2c9t11 and 18:2t10c12 in the plasma and that of 18:2t10c12 in the milk paralleled dietary supply, the level of 18:2c9t11 in the milk was similar in C and CS but still lower in S. Although the dietary concentration of CLA was highest in treatment C, the partial replacement of CLA by sunflower seeds had a similar inhibitory effect on milk fat synthesis. Comparable 18:2c9t11 levels in the milk in both CLA treatments implies that this isomer is subjected to greater biohydrogenation with increasing supply than 18:2t10c12. The fact that unprotected 18:2t10c12 escaped biohydrogenation in sufficient amounts to affect milk fat synthesis reveals opportunities to develop feeding strategies where reduced milk fat production is desirable or required by the metabolic state of the cow.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 1995

In this study, the nutritional composition of colostrum milk obtained from 22 mothers delivering perterm infants and 17 mothers delivering term infants was analyzed. The energy content of colostrum was yielded based on nitrogen, lactose, and lipid data. Preterm milk is more close the nutritional needs of the preterm infant than dose other breast milk. The results are as follows : 1) Protein concentration was significantly higher, but carbohydrate and lipid concentration were lower in preterm milk than fullterm milk. Energy content yielded from total nitrogen, lactose and lipid concentration was higher in the fullterm milk than preterm milk. 2) Calcium was higher in the preterm milk than fullterm colostrum. Phosphate was lower in fullterm milk than pretem milk. Calcium/Phosphate ratio were 2.61/1 in the preterm and 2.06/1 in the fullterm milk. Magnesium was higher in the preterm milk than fullterm milk. Zinc, Copper and Manganese concentrations were tended to lower in the preterm milk than fullterm milk.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.245-248
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate effect of changes in target fat and protein contents in milk on feed cost using a simulation modeling approach based on the 2001 dairy NRC. Two simulations were done; simulation I had a limitation (up to 20%), but simulation II had no limitation for the use of cottonseed hull in a diet. Using commonly used feed ingredients in Korea, we formulated least cost diets that meet nutrient requirement of a lactating dairy cow producing 36 kg of milk with combinations of 0.1% decrease or 0.1% increase in target milk fat or protein, respectively, from the national average milk fat (4.0%) and milk protein (3.1%). The contents of alfalfa and corn in a least-cost diet were decreased and those of tall fescue, whole cottonseed and rapeseed meal were increased with decreasing fat and/or increasing protein in milk. Scenarios that decreased target milk fat percentage from 4.0% to 3.9% reduced feed cost by 2 won per kg. Due to decrease in feed intake, daily feed cost was even more reduced (136 won per head) by decreasing target milk fat percentage. Increase in target milk protein percentage from 3.1% to 3.2% reduced feed cost by 6 won per kg. Among scenarios simulated, the least feed cost was obtained in scenario aimed for 3.9% fat and 3.2% of protein in milk. We conclude that a feeding practice for increasing milk protein percentage does not directly increase feed cost. In addition, feeding practices that increase protein content in milk is expected to improve economic life-span and reproductive performance of dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 1990

Two experiments were conducted to determine the validity of the deuterium oxide ($D_2O$) dilution method to estimate milk intake by pigs. A total of 39 piglets weaned from their dams 24 - 36 hours after birth and trained to drink from artificial nipples, were used for two experiments. Estimates of milk replacer consumption of individual piglets over 1, 3, 5 and 7 days were made by the $D_2O$ dilution method and by dissappearance. Milk intakes estimated by this $D_2O$ dilution method were significantly correlated ($R^2$ = 0.98-0.99) with milk intake measured by disappearance. The average difference between estimates by disappearance and estimates by the $D_2O$ dilution method were -1%, +0.5%, +0.5% and -2.1% for measurement period of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.685-693
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• 1996

A total of 3,610 Ayrshire and 1,711 Jersey cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, $\chi$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Least squares analyses showed possible associations between milk protein phenotypes and lactational production traits. Depending on lactation number, ${\beta}$-casein phenotypes in Ayrshires were associated with milk production ($A^2A^2$ > $A^1A^2$ > $A^1A^1$), and with milk protein content. In the third lactation, Ayrshire cows with ${\beta}$-casein $A^1A^1$ produced milk with 3.43% fat compared to 3.37% fat for ${\beta}$-casein $A^2A^2$. In Ayrshire, $\chi$-casein phenotypes affected the protein content during the three lactations (BB > AB > AA) and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes significantly influenced the milk fat during the first lactation (4.06% for AA and 3.97% for BB). In Jerseys, protein content of milk was influenced by phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein(3.98% for CC v/s 3.86% for BB in the first lactation). In the third lactation, $\chi$-casein AA of Jersey milk contained 5.35% fat compared to 4.82% for phenotype BB. The effects of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes on protein content were apparent in Jerseys during the second lactation with the A variant being superior to the B (4.00% for AA v/s 3.87% for BB).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2008

Milk from dairy cows has long provided a high quality source of protein and selected micronutrients as calcuim to most populations. Recently, a relationship between disease risk and consumption of specific bovine ${\beta}$-casein fraction either A1 or A2 genetic variants has identified. Populations, which consume milk contain high containing high levels of ${\beta}$-casein A2 variants, have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, consumption of milk with the A2 variants may be associated with less severe symptoms of autism and schizophrenia. The mechanism of action focuses on ${\beta}$-casein A1 and related forms preferentially that are able to produce a bioactive opioid peptide, ${\beta}$-casomorphin-7(${\beta}$-CM-7) during digestion. Infants may absorb ${\beta}$-CM-7 due to an immature gastrointestinal tract. Adult, on the other hand, appear to reap the biological activity locally on the intestinal brush boarder. ${\beta}$-CM-7 can potentially affect numerous opioid receptors in the nervous, endocrine, and immune system. Whether there is a definite health benefit to milk containing the A2 genetic variant is unknown and requires further investigation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.433-438
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; $32.0{\pm}3.3years$), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.420-422
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• 2004

This study was to demonstrate a rapid novel method for detection of adulterated cow milk in goat milk using modified staining protocol after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Samples of cow milk and goat milk containing 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (v/v) of cow milk were analyzed. Low levels of cow milk mixed in goat milk were identified by the presence of higher mobility of $\beta$-lactoglobulin A ($\beta$-Lg A) in cow milk. By mini-gel electrophoresis, a distinguishable protein profile was visualized in 25 min using the modified Coomassie blue staining solution, in which methanol (50%) was replaced with ethanol (20%) and the concentrations of Coomassie blue and acetic acid were reduced from 2 to 0.13% and 10 to 5%, respectively. To visualize the milk proteins, gels in the staining solution were water-bathed in boiling water for 5 min and then cooled down immediately for 3-5 min. The sensitivity of this method is relatively high, allowing examination of 1% cow milk in goat milk. The procedure presented here is also very cost-effective due to less reagents needed. This simplified method would be useful and applicable to dairy industry for routine examination of goat milk.