• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 2016

Distribution status and threatened assessment of endangered species, Pungitius sinensis (Pisces: Gasterosteidae), were investigated from March to October 2015 in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do etc., Korea. During the study period, a total of 854 individual P. sinensis were collected from 21 of 71 sampling stations using skimming nets. P. sinensis appeared in 23 streams during the past 30 years. However, it was only collected in 12 streams. Therefore, its habitats and populations were drastically reduced. The preferred habitat of P. sinensis was pool of the lower stream with lots of aquatic plants. Given these evidences of small occupying areas ($84km^2$) and drastic reduction in its habitats and populations, P. sinensis is considered as an endangered (EN) [B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)] species based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2011

Backgrounds: Danggui, one of the major herbs in Korean traditional medicine consists of three species: Angelica gigas of Korea, Angelica sinensis of China, and Angelica acutiloba of Japan. Despite its importance in Korean traditional medicine, recognition of the clinical differences between its three species is insufficient. Objectives: The purpose of the present review is to suggest evidence in using Angelica gigas, Angelica sinensis, and Angelica acutiloba distinctively in clinic, by comparing their pharmacological effects and bioactive compounds. Methods: We searched articles published from 2000 to 2009 in Pubmed, EMbase, and RISS. The search keywords were "Angelica gigas", "Angelica sinensis", "Angelica acutiloba", "dongquei", "toki", "Angelicae Radix", "Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.", "Garden Angelica", "Chinese angelica root", "tangkuei", and "danggui". 861 articles were searched. Among them, we selected 143 articles which met our inclusion criteria. Results: This review summarizes active constituents, experimental studies, clinical studies, pharmacokinetics, side effects and toxicity, drug interaction, and industrial use of Angelica gigas, Angelica sinensis, and Angelica acutiloba. Conclusions: While Angelica sinensis and Angelica acutiloba are relatively similar, Angelica gigas is quite different from the others in main active constituents and genetic form. The main experimental studies of Danggui are cardiovascular studies, central nervous system studies and anti-cancer activity. Even though there were cases in which the three species show similar pharmacological effects, the mechanism was not always shared. Therefore, distinguished use of Angelica gigas, Angelica sinensis and Angelica acutiloba is needed.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.541-543
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• 2005

Recently many efforts have been made to develop new therapeutic agents against skin pigmentation abnormalities. The aim of this study is to investigate the skin-whitening effect of Gleditsia Sinensis Lam and to develop new drug delivery carrier. Inhibitory effaces of Gleditsia Sinensis Lam extracts on melanin synthesis were studied. Namely, UV-absorbing ability, free radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibitory of Gleditsia Sinensis Lam extracts were investigated As a result, the extracts of Gleditsia Sinensis Lam were found to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase. Moreover they absorbed wavelength in the UV-B and UV-C region, and extracts of Gleditsia Sinensis Lam had free radical scavenging activity. In this study, in order to administer these ingredient effectively, the shape of liposome observed by TEM was spherical and uniform.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.238-249
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• 2018

The impact of methanol extract of Chaenomeles sinensis (C. sinensis) leaves on acid corrosion of low carbon steel was assessed by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. Phytochemical characterization by total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoids content (TFC) of the extract was performed. The TPC and TFC concentrations were identified as 193.50 and 40.55 mg/g. Efficiency increased remarkably in the presence of inhibitor and found as concentration dependent. A maximum inhibition efficiency of 93.19% was achieved using 2000 ppm of the C. sinensis inhibitor. Impedance and surface morphology analysis by SEM and AFM revealed that the anticorrosive activity results from the protective film of phytochemical components of C. sinensis extract adsorbed on the metal surface.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.219-223
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• 1996

From the rachis of Cedrela sinensis A. Juss., methyl gallate, quercitrin, bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ether, adenosine, isoquercitrin, rutin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin were isolated and characterized by spectral data.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2002

Angelicae gigantis radix is the root of the perennial plant, which belongs to the family Umbelliferae. However, this herbal drug is represented quite different chemical components according to its different genus name, though other herbal drugs (i.e. Leonuri Herba, Xanthii Fructus and so on) show similar constituents on the same name. The root of Angelica gigas containing the coumarin compounds is commonly used in Korea, while Angelica sinensis and Angelica acutiloba including phthalide compounds are used in China and Japan, respectively as Angelicae gigantis radix. In this paper, a nearinfrared spectroscopic method was developed to determine genus name of Angelica spp., especially A. gigas and A. sinensis which are commonly misused in herbal markets. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electronic nose have been also applied as nondestructive methods to discriminate A. gigas from A. sinensis according to their specific properties.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2010

Fibroblasts are the most common cells in connective tissue and are responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. The fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation and injury may contribute to cholangiocarcinoma pathogenesis, particularly through an increase in extracellular matrix components, which participate in the regulation of bile duct differentiation during development. Mitochondria produce ATP through oxidative metabolism to provide energy to the cell under physiological conditions. Also, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in cellular senescence and aging. Alternations in mitochondrial structure and function are early events of programmed cell death or apoptosis and mitochondria appear to be a central regulator of apoptosis in most somatic cell. Clonorchis sinensis, one of the most important parasite of the human bile duct in East Asia, arouses epithelial hyperplasia and ductal fibrosis. Isolated fibroblast from the bile ducts of rats infected by C. sinensis showed increase of cytoplasmic process. In addition, decrease of cellular proliferation was observed in fibroblasts which was isolated from normal rat bile duct and then cultured in media containing C. sinensis excretory-secretory product. However, the effects of C. sinensis infection on the mitochondrial enzyme distribution is not clearly reported yet. Therefore, we investigated the structural change of C. sinensis infected bile duct and mitochondrial enzyme distribution of the cultured fibroblast isolated from the C. sinensis infected rat bile duct. As a result, C. sinensis infected SD rat bile ducts showed the features of chronic clonorchiasis, such as ductal connective and epithelial tissue dilatation, or ductal fibrosis. In addition, fibroblast in ductal connective tissue was damaged by physical effect of fibrotic tissue and chemical stimulation. Immunohistochemically detected mitochondrial electron transferase (ATPase, COXII, Porin) was decreased in C. sinensis infected rat bile duct and cultured fibroblast from infected rat bile duct. It can be hypothesized that the reason why number of electron transferase decrease in fibroblast isolated from the rat bile duct infected with C. sinensis is because dysfunction of electron transport system is occurred mitochondrial dysfunction, increase of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and apoptosis after chemical damage on the cell caused by C. sinensis infection. Overall, C. sinensis infection induces fibrotic change of ductal connective tissue, mutation of cellular metabolism in fibroblast and mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, ductal fibrosis inhibits fibroblast proliferation and decreases mitochondrial electron transferase on fibroblast cytoplasm. It was assumed that the structure of bile duct could not normalized and ductal fibrosis was maintained for a long period of time according to fibroblast metamorphosis and death induced by mitochondrial dysfunction.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2017

Codon usage bias (CUB) is a unique property of genomes and has contributed to the better understanding of the molecular features and the evolution processes of particular gene. In this study, genetic indices associated with CUB, including relative synonymous codon usage and effective numbers of codons, as well as the nucleotide composition, were investigated in the Clonorchis sinensis tyrosinase genes and their platyhelminth orthologs, which play an important role in the eggshell formation. The relative synonymous codon usage patterns substantially differed among tyrosinase genes examined. In a neutrality analysis, the correlation between $GC_{12}$ and $GC_3$ was statistically significant, and the regression line had a relatively gradual slope (0.218). NC-plot, i.e., $GC_3$ vs effective number of codons (ENC), showed that most of the tyrosinase genes were below the expected curve. The codon adaptation index (CAI) values of the platyhelminth tyrosinases had a narrow distribution between 0.685/0.714 and 0.797/0.837, and were negatively correlated with their ENC. Taken together, these results suggested that CUB in the tyrosinase genes seemed to be basically governed by selection pressures rather than mutational bias, although the latter factor provided an additional force in shaping CUB of the C. sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini genes. It was also apparent that the equilibrium point between selection pressure and mutational bias is much more inclined to selection pressure in highly expressed C. sinensis genes, than in poorly expressed genes.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.156-160
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• 2000

The possible mechanism of the DNA strand breaking activity of the hot-water extract of Fructus Chaenomelis (dried fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis) in a closed circular duplex replica form DNA (RFI DNA) was studied through agarose gel electrophresis under various conditions. Induction of DNA strand scission by the hot-water extract of C. sinensis occurred in dose and time-dependent manners. $Cu^{2+}$ was indispensable for the induction of DNA strand breakage. Exogeneous chelating agents inhibited the DNA breaking activity, conforming the catalytic action of $Cu^{2+}$ on generation of free radicals responsible for oxidative damage. Antioxidant enzymes and some radical scavengers were used to investigate the major radical species triggering the DNA strand scission, demonstrating that a highest inhibitory activity was found in the presence of catalase, while less in the presence of tiron (a scavenger for superoxide radical), 2-aminoethyl-isothiuroniumbromide-HBr, cysteamine (scavengers for hydroxyl radical), and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane (a scavenger for singlet oxygen) in decreasing order. The findings implied that oxygen radical species generated in presence of transition divalent cation during the oxidation of some compounds contained in the hot-water extract of C. sinensis is mainly responsible for inducing genotoxicity.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 1970

Althought allelopathy has been cleary established for Pinus densiflora by Lee-Monsi, the auther suspected that Miscanthus sinensis which grows vigrously in such Korean pine forests might also exhibit the phenomenon. A total of 33 species having an affinity in the Miscanthus group were recorded in the filed. Out of these, five species; Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Lespedeza crytobotrya. Oenothera odorata, Raphanus sativus var. acanthiformis, and Zoysia japonica were considered the "A" group. Five other species which have no affinity to Misanthus sinensis, Amaranthus patulus, Solanum nigrum, Capsella bursa-pastoris var. triangularis, Chemopodium album var. centrorubrum and Alopeculus amurensis were considered the "B" group. Extracts of Miscanthus sinensis were applied to determine relative germination and growth. It was found the growth in the "B" group was promoted by a cold water extract of Miscanthus stems and leaves, but inhibited remarkably by an extract obtained by passing cold water through Miscanthus root. As expected, growth in the "A" group was promoted by both experimental treatments.romoted by both experimental treatments.