• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1972

A kind of peptide which posseses an yeaststatic activity was isolated from Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and following characteristics was obtained. 1. The isoelectric pH of this peptide was 8.2 and histidine, an alkaline amino acid, was identified from this peptide. 2. This substance showes conspicuous heat stability and does not indicate any remarkable reduction of yeaststatic activity even for 5 hours treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. or for 30 minutes at $121^{\circ}C$. 3. The inhibitory activity of the yeast growth is not originated from the yeastcidal action but yeaststatic effect of this sample. 4. The sample shows strong stability ranging from pH 2 to 10. 5. The saccharide; glucose, sucrose, maltose, gives no effect on the yeaststatic activity of the sample even high concentration, 15 percent, and also no effect gives by magnesium, calcium and phosphate salts. 6. The available concentration of this sample on the inhibition of yeast growth was located at the ppm extent, for example, the concentration of fifty percent growth inhibition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. carsbergensis was 4 ppm and 3 ppm to Candida pulcherrima, 13 ppm to S. coreanus, 18 ppm to S. sake and 38 ppm to C. tropicalis. 7. On the alcohol fermentation of S. coreanus, the peptide, an yeast growth inhibitor, gives no effect at all. 8. This substance is named as Astradix-P (Astragalus membranaceus, Radix, Peptide).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2018

Background: Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituent in Astragalus membranaceus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of polysaccharides isolated from the aboveground parts of A. membranaceus (AMA) and polysaccharides isolated from the roots of A. membranaceus (AMR) immune function by modulated cytotoxic T cell and Th1- and Th2-related cytokines kinetics. Methods and Results: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exhaustive exercise case groups and non-exercise case, AMA and AMR samples were administered orally for 30 days (500 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively) and were compared to those rats in the groups fed commercial sports drink (SPD) and vehicle. Both exhaustive exercise groups and non-exercise groups had a lower ratio of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cells in the spleens of the rat fed AMA and AMR compared to those in the rats fed SPD and vehicle group. These results suggested that AMA and AMR promote an increase in the proportion of cytotoxic T cells. The IL-4-producing T lymphocytes decreased significantly in the AMR (10 mg/kg/day) group compared to SPD and vehicle, whereas the AMA group increased the IL-4 concentration more than the SPD and vehicle in exhaustive exercise group. However, the populations of IFN-${\gamma}$-producing T lymphocytes of AMR and AMA increased. AMA decreased the concentration of IFN-${\gamma}$ to inhibit the Th1 response and thereby increased the concentration of IL-4 to induce a Th2 response that was related to humoral immunity in the non-exercise group. Conclusions: These results showed that, in addition to Th1/Th2 regulation, AMR and AMA played an important immuno-modulatory role after exhaustive exercise-induced Th1/Th2 lymphocyte imbalance, which might be correlated with cytokine producing immunoregulatory cells.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.503-504
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• 2010

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.529-536
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• 2001

The root of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge (Leguminosae), which has been used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic hepatitis, duodenal ulcers, chronic nephritis and promotion of immunity in folk remedies. Several lines of evidence indicate that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) may play an important role in atherogenesis. Hence, the role of antioxidants in the prevention of LDL oxidation needs to be determined. To investigate the antioxidant activity. we determined the MeOH ex. and fractions of Astragali Radix on the inhibition of LDL oxidation. The CH$_2$C1$_2$ and EtOAc orations inhibited the oxidative modification of LDL by a decrease in the lipid peroxide content and the electrophoretic mobility of LDL. Calycosin-7-0-$\beta$-D -glucoside which was isolated from EtOAc fraction inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

Background: Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.450-454
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• 1988

This study was conducted to increase the quality of Astrragali radix and to decide the application amounts of N, P and K fertilizer for Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. The ferlilizers effect on the ash contents and extracts from the root and the dried root yield was studied. With increasing the application amount of nitrogen more than 5kg/10a, the acid insoluble ash content of root increased, but the ethyl alcohol and diethyl ether extracts decreased. No effect of phosphorus amount on the ash and extracts contents in root was observed. With increasing amount more than 7kg/10a, only the acid insoluble ash contents increased. The dried root yield increased with the application level until 5kg/10a of nitrogen, but the effects ot phosphorus and potassium application were not observed. Positive correlation was obtained significantly between the ash ($r=0.746^*$) and acid insoluble ash ($r=0.858^{**}$) contents and the potassium application amount, and the negative correlation was also obtained significantly between the extract contents and the nitrogen ($r=-0.778^*$ ; $C_2H_5OH$, $r=-0.848^{**}$ ; $(C_2H_5O)_2O$) and potassium ($r=-0.772^*$ ; $(C_2H_5O)_2O)$ application amounts. As the results in the first year from the seeding, it is recommended for quality of Astragali radix to apply 5, 7-14, 7kg/10a of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2014

In order to develop an efficient in vitro micropropagation technique for a rare plant species, Astragalus membranaceus Bunge var. alpinus N., shoot proliferation and in vitro or in vivo rootings were conducted and hyperhydrated leaf generated from cultures was histologically observed. During shoot induction, no distinct effect on multiple shoot induction was found between BA and kinetin treatment. BA enhanced the number of internodes, whereas kinetin stimulated shoot elongation. Hyperhydrated leaf composed of bigger cells and retarded palisade parenchyma and showed irregular cell arrangement compared to normal leaf. Especially starch content in hyperhydrated leaf was significantly reduced. The best rooting rate was achieved by B5 medium among three different medium (B5, MS and WPM) and 0.1mg/L IBA treatment induced the highest rooting ratio (80%). No statistical difference was induced by explant types (apical bud or axillary bud) in terms of rooting ratio. In vivo cutting induced rooting rate up to 65% by 0.5% IBA/Talc powder treatment. Although in vivo rooting rate was less efficient compared to in vitro rooting, better survival rate was observed after soil acclimatization. Present study suggested that above micropropagation techniques can be used for rapid multiplication as well as in vitro or in vivo conservation of the species.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.667-673
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• 2010

Organic agriculture of especially medicinal crops has been interested and focused in taking the qualitative and safety agricultural products in order to maintain and improve the health and happiness of people. With respect to the organic agriculture relating to cropping system, objectives of this study were to examine the seedling establishment after seed germination and emergence and to investigate the early seedling growths of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge with treating two green manure crops, hairy vetch of legume and rye of gramineae, two different conditions of green manures, fresh and dry, and different seeding times. When the seeds were planted at once after treating the green manures with the fresh condition into the soil, the ratios of seedling establishment were very poor, less than 10% in hairy vetch and 20% in rye, respectively. They were increased gradually with delaying the seeding times after the treatments. With treating the green manures of dry conditions, the ratios of seedling establishment were up more than 50% in both hairy vetch and rye crops, showing that the damages of seedling establishment were more in hairy vetch than those in rye. The early seedling growths were slower in treating the green manures than those in the control, showing slow growth with fresh green manures compared to the dry. It would be very important and considered more to evaluate and utilize well the seed germination and the seedling establishment in cultivation of the organic agriculture using the green manure crops relating to the cropping system.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1973

The biochemical characteristics of Astradix -P, isolated from Astragalus membranaceus Bunge as yeaststatic substance, were reported on a previous paper. And on this report, some relation to the nitrogen metabolism of yeast was studied. Inorganic or organic source of nitrogen easily uptaking yeast did not show any antagonistic action to the inhibitory action of Astradix -P on the yeast growth. Especially an organic nitrogen source, arginine, histidine and lysine, classified to basic amino acid, was reacted as an antagonistic substance to the sample. But, ornithine, a basic amino acid, did not show any antagonistic action to the sample. In the mixed media containing neutral and acidic amino acids as a nitrogen source, yeast growth was inhibited strongly. If the basic amino acid was added to the same mixed media, the yeast growth was not inhibited by Astradix-P therefore, the antagonistic action of basic amino acid to the Astradix-p was readily observed. The yeast static action of Astradix-P was partially related to the isoelectric point of amino acid as a nitrogen source. Yeast cells which propagated under the media containing growth inhibitor, Astradix -p, did not bring any remarkable denaturation of cell structure by electro-microscopic observation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.289-293
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• 2003

Antioxidant activity and nicotine degradation activity (NDA) of 21 medicinal herbs were determined by using a 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and a PLC/PRF5 human liver cell line method, respectively, to develop an anti-smoking aid. The highest and lowest antioxidant activities represented by $IC_{50}$/ value were 30 $\mu$g/mL of Eugenia caryophyllus and 3,270 $\mu$g/mL of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Eugenia caryophyllus was equal to 38.0$\pm$1.2 mg VCEAC(vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity)/ g herb. The highest and lowest NDA values were 1.81 of Astrgalus membranaceus Bunge and 1.01 of Raphani seed and Lespedeza tomentosa Sieb, respectively. Eleven medicinal herbs with high antioxidant activity and/or NDA were selected to make an herbal tea. The herbal tea had high antioxidant activity (50 $\mu$g/mL $IC_{50}$/ and 22.4$\pm$1.4 mgVCEAC/g) and NDA (1.243). The medicinal herb tea could help smokers quitting smoking by degrading and exhausting nicotine accumulated in body and removing reactive oxygen species.