• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.719-724
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• 2015

The bactericidal effects of strongly acidic hypochlorous acid water (StAHA) and slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SlAHA) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus contaminated on surface of raw fish and shellfish were examined. V. parahaemolyticus contaminated with about 7.0 log CFU/g on the meat chunk of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata), and 4.0 log CFU/g on the shucked scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) were not detected after washing with StAHA and SlAHA at a ratio of 30:1 on a sample weight basis. However, 1.0 log CFU/g of V. parahaemolyticus was survived on shucked oyster (Crassostrea gigas) under same treatment conditions. The bactericidal effects of acidic hypochlorous acid water against V. parahaemolyticus contaminated on surface of shucked oyster were not as effective as those against V. parahaemolyticus contaminated on surface of meat chunk of olive flounder, yellow tail, and shucked scallop. Such differences can be attributed to the complicated surface conformation of oyster.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2015

This study investigated spectroscopic characteristics of shell crystals of eight marine bivalve species using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; moreover, the Family level relatedness of shellfish was investigated. In XRD analysis, the shells of Ruditapes philippinarum, Meretrix lusoria, Anadara granosa, and Fulvia mutica were found to have orthorhombic aragonite $CaCO_3$ crystals, while shells of Patinopecten yessoensis and Crassostrea gigas had trigonal-rhombohedral calcite crystals. The shells of Mytilus coruscus and Atrina pectinata were determined to have a mixture of aragonite and calcite crystals. XRD information revealed the Family level-specific characteristics of shellfish; the results agreed with the current taxonomic system. In conclusion, spectroscopic characteristics of shell crystals indicated Family-level characteristics of shellfish and suggested a more intense species-level investigation; this technology may be useful in identifying shellfish species using small quantities of shells.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.179-190
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to review the research trends regarding the treatment of Postpartum Depression (P.P.D) in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Methods: We searched articles in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) from 2004 to 2013. Search key words were "产后抑郁症", "Postpartum Depression", and we selected 27 studies except for non-clinical studies, insufficient number of studies, unrelated studies and tests on animals. Results: We selected 27 articles with following results: 1) One study of Jadad Quality Assessment Scale score showed 3 points, 4 studies showed 2 points and 22 studies showed less than 1 point. Overall, the quality of the studies was low. 2) DSM - IV was frequently used as a diagnostic criteria and HAMD was mostly used as evaluation criteria. Diagnostic criteria and evaluation criteria were the same in HAMD and EPDS. 3) In TCM, there are various ways, such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, electro acupuncture, auricular acupuncture and/or massage to treat the postpartum depression. 4) The roots of Bupleurum falcatum Linne, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Angelica gigas Nakai and Paeonia lactiflora Pall, the rhizome of Atractylodis macrocephala Koidz, the semen of Zizyphus jujuba Mill, the radix of Curcuma aromatica Salisb, the sclerotium of Poria cocos Wolf and the rhizomas of Cyperus rotundus L and of Cnidium officinale Makino are mainly used in the herbal medicine. BaekHoi (GV20) and Yindang (Ex-HN3) are mainly used in acupuncture points. 5) Most of the studies showed effective results. Some of the results were similar to those of the control groups which were cured by western medicine. Other results were better than those of control groups. Conclusions: Research on postpartum depression has been actively conducted in TCM and all studies showed effective results in the study group patients. Therefore, with this study, we hope to activate more clinical research on the treatment of patients in Korean traditional medicine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3325-3329
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• 2010

This study evaluated anti-wrinkle effect using toner and lotion containing ginsenoside Rg3 enriched black ginseng in oriental medicine like Liriope platy phyllla, Inonotus obliquus, Glycyrrhiza glabra and nourishing of the blood and energy(Atractylodes japonica, Poria cocos Wolf, Angelica gigas, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeonia lactiflora). 6 female adults on average at the age of 42.5 applied lotion after toner under the normal conditions of use on the face including crow's feed area, twice a day (in the morning and evening) for 4weeks. After 4 weeks, the replica of eye wrinkle was made and analyzed the image. The result was decreased in R1($3.15{\pm}0.35$ to $2.28{\pm}0.22$), R2($2.99{\pm}0.37$ to $2.13{\pm}0.21$), R3($2.09{\pm}0.31$ to $1.56{\pm}0.18$), R4($0.37{\pm}0.05$ to $0.29{\pm}0.03$), and R5($0.89{\pm}0.1$ to $0.75{\pm}0.06$)(P<0.05). Therefore, oriental medicine cosmetics containing black ginseng may play a role anti-wrinkle.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1979

To evaluate the sanitary conditions of four species of commercial shellfish (Crassostrea gigas, Tapes japonica, Mytilus coruscus and Anadara granosa), the psychrotrophic coliforms and the bacterial flora were monthly examined from January to December, 1978. Viable cell counts of the samples submitted were $1.3\times10^3\~2.5\times10^6/g$ and the numbers of coliform and E. coli were above $0\~5.5\times10^2/g\;and\;2\~9.2\times10^2/100g$ respectively. Among the 373 coliform bacteria isolated from the samples submitted, 298 strains were identified as coliform by IMViC test, $44^{\circ}C$ culture and gelatin liquefaction test. E. coli type I and K. aerogenes type I were the most predominant ones among the identified coliform as 138 strains and 71 strains respectively. The psychrotrophic coliform growing at $5^{\circ}C$ were 186 $strains(50\%)$ among 373 strains of isolated coliform. Vibrio and Pseudomonas were the most predominant groups. Among 453 strains of isolated bacteria, Vibrio was 240 $strains(53\%)$ and Pseudomonas was 91 $strains(20\%)$. Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacterium-Cytophage were scantly detected. In seasonal variation of general bacterial flora, a lot of Vibrio appeared from May to October, did Moraxella during the winter season and the other genuses showed no seasonal change.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.335-340
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• 2011

This study evaluated anti-wrinkle effect for eye using essence and cream containing extract of Liriope platy phyllla, Inonotus obliquus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, black ginseng, Atractylodes japonica, Poria cocos Wolf, Angelica gigas, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata and Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeonia lactiflora. 6 female adults on average at the age of 44.8, applied cream after essence under the normal conditions of use on the crow's feet area, twice a day (in the morning and evening), 2mg/$1cm^2$ for 4weeks. After 4 weeks, the replica of eye wrinkle was made and analyzed the image. The result was that eye wrinkle was decreased in R1($3.22{\pm}0.85$ to $2.38{\pm}0.32$), R2($3.08{\pm}0.83$ to $2.22{\pm}0.32$), R3($2.29{\pm}0.64$ to $2.29{\pm}0.64$), R4($0.44{\pm}0.14$ to $0.44{\pm}0.14$), and R5($0.98{\pm}0.21$ to $0.98{\pm}0.21$)(P<0.05). Therefore, oriental medicine cosmetics containing traditional herb medicine may play a role anti-wrinkle for eye.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 1996

Endogeneous activities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$-like enzyme in various tissues from several finfishes and shellfishes were examined by histochemical analysis based on X-gal staining and by fluorimetric measurement using 4-methylumbelliferyl-${\beta}$-D-galactoside (4-MUG). Species used in this study were 3 freshwater fishes, mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ; 3 marine fishes, olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), stone flounder (Kareius bicoloratus) and marbled sole (Limanda yokohamae) ; and 4 shellfishes, abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), Pacific oyster (Crassoskra gigas), pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) and ark shell (Anadara broughtonii). The activities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$-like enzyme in all finfishes examined were significantly different among species, with the wide variations between tissues in a species. In general, the tissues such as kidney, intestine and liver were ones which showed the significantly higher values in 4-MUG fluorimetry and deeper staining patterns in X-gal analysis compared to other tissues. On the other hand, serum and muscle revealed the significantly lower activities than others did, regardless of species. Shellfishes were also found to have endogenous activities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$-like enzyme which were significantly varied depending on both species and organs in a species. Hepatopancreas from all shellfishes examined showed the deepest pattern in X-gal staining and also the highest value in 4-MUG analysis, while activities of ${\beta}-galactosidase$-like enzyme in adductor muscles and mantle muscles from all shellfish species in this study except Pacific oyster were negligible : Pacific oyster had the significant activity of this enzyme in muscle tissues. Putative endogenous lacZ fragment was amplified from both finfishes and shellfishes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The molecular size of PCR products was about 510 bp, and there was no difference in size among species examined.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2014

For the treatments and protection of bacterial fish disease, many requirements are needed for aquatic probiotics so that they are effective in aquaculture animals but are also harmless to humans. In the present study, among 17 candidate probiotic bacteria (CPB) obtained from the edible part of the shellfish, Bacillus sp. CPB-St (CPB-St) were selected and in vitro evaluated for the possibility as a probiotic strain for the control of fish streptococcosis which frequently occurs in the olive flounder farms. CPB-St showed inhibitory effects on the growth of various fish pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus sp., S. parauberis, S. iniae, Lactococcus garvieae and L. piscium by the double layer test ranging about 18~26 mm of clear zone. Inhibitory activity of CPB-St to Streptococcus sp. was observed 6 hours after and the growth of Streptococcus sp. was decreased to 8~55 folds in the co-culture of CPB-St with Streptococcus sp.. The safety of CPB-St to fish and survival of CPB-St in the intestine were assessed in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish mortality was not observed in artificial infection with CPB-St for 2 weeks. CPB-St was entirely excreted from the stomach and intestine 24 hours after oral injection. This results indicate that CPB-St has potential applications as a probiotic for the control of fish streptococcosis in aquaculture.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.386-394
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• 2002

Carrying capacity model focused on interactions between the filter-feeder growth and their environments is presented, and differences among existing various carrying capacity models are reviewed. For carrying capacity modeling of shellfish system, we constructed a new numerical model coupled oyster growth model with an ecosystem model (EUTRP2). Physical and biological processes such as water transport and mixing, primary production, feeding and growth of the cultivated oyster, Crassostrea gigas and benthic-pelagic exchange were included in the model, Simulated results for validation showed that the more phytoplankton biomass decreased, the more oyster meat weight and nutrients increased, suggesting a powerful tool for reasonable management of shellfish aquaculture. The model was sensitive to parameters controlling the primary production. Among the ecosystem compartments, the oyster growth is highly influenced by small changes in the physiological parameters of phytoplankton and oyster. This sensitivity analysis indicated the importance of experimental data on biological parameters for calibration of the model.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to assess both the approximate lethal dose and the single dose intramuscular injection toxicity of Danggui (Angelica gigantis radix) pharmacopuncture (DGP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The experiments were conducted at the good laboratory practice (GLP) laboratory, Biotoxtech Co., which is a laboratory approved by the ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS). The study was performed according to the GLP regulation and the toxicity test guidelines of the MFDS (2009) after approval of the institutional animal care and use committee of Biotoxtech. Single doses of DGP were injected intramuscularly into the rats in three test groups of 6 week old SD rats (5 male and 5 female rats per groups) in the amounts of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/animal for groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and normal saline solution in the amount of 1.0 mL/animal was injected intramuscularly into the rats (5 male and 5 female rats) in the control group. Observations of the general symptoms and weight measurements were performed during the 14 day observation period after the injection. Hematologic and serum biochemical examination, necropsy, and a local tolerance test at the injection site were done after the observation period. Results: No death was observed in three test groups (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL/animal group). In addition, the injection of DGP had no effect on general symptoms, weights, hematologic and serum biochemical examination, and necropsy. The results from the local tolerance tests at injection site showed no treatment related effects in the SD rats. Conclusion: The results of single dose intramuscular injection of DGP suggest that the approximate lethal dose is above 1.0 mL/animal for both male and female SD rats and that intramuscular injection of DGP may be safe.