• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 1998

In this study a commercial fermented milk produced in Korea and a Lactobacillus strain used for the product (L. casei) were found to affect mold growth and inhibit aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517. Aflatoxins were determined using an HPLC system that consisted of a $C_{18}$ column and a fluorescence detector. When the fermented milk was added to the yeast-extract broth the levels of aflatoxin $B_{1}\;and\;G_{1}$ significantly decreased by 48.6~58.1% and 29.8~34.2%, respectively (p$B_{1}\;and\;G_{1}$ were found in comparison with the control (monoculture). L. casei was found to be very inhibitory to the growth of A. parasiticus for 5 days, but no significant difference of mycelial weight was observed between the mixed culture and control at the end of incubation. The pH values of the culture broth in mixed culture were observed to be significantly lower than those in monoculture (p

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1986

In this study, th effective extraction of 5 vegetables, which have been shown to inhibit the growth of the aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus R-716, was investigated and their effects were examined. Radish, cabbage, garlic and zinger were effectively with water-chloroform, but crown daisy with n-hexane. Among them, water-chloroform extract of radish was remarkably effective, and garlic extract only inhibited the growth strongly. The growth and the aflatoxin production of the strain were showed 0.758g/25ml, 763ug/25ml with the addition of water-chloroform extract equivalent 15g of raw radish, and an increase in the level of radish extract resulted in a decrease both the growth and the aflatoxin production per mycerial weight.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 1973

Author investigated fluorence antibody reaction for the antigenic relationships between Asp niger group, Asp flavus and Asp parasiticus which was indicated as follows: 1. It was concluded that there are complete differences in the antigenic properties each other because it has not cross reaction, therefore identification of strains will be simpley classified. 2. A complete cross reaction between Asp flavus and Asp parasitic us in the Asp flavus groups existed, accordingly this reaction could not identified the strain and classified between Asp. flavus and Asp. parasiticus. 3. This experiment also followed with the separated each strains from the origin (Meju, Nuruk, ATCC, NRRL), but there no differences. From the above results, this method could be classified between Asp flavus group and Asp niger group in the genus Aspergillus, but classification of Asp. flavus and Asp. parasiticus should hardely conclude with this method.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.561-570
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• 2020

This study was designed to synthesize triglycerol monolaurate (TGML) with Lipozyme 435 as the catalyst, and explore its effects on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus (A. parasiticus) and Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and the secretion of aflatoxin b1. The highest content of TGML (49.76%) was obtained at a molar ratio of triglycerol to lauric acid of 1.08, a reaction temperature of 84.93℃, a reaction time of 6 h and an enzyme dosage of 1.32%. After purification by molecular distillation combined with the washes with ethyl acetate and water, the purity of TGML reached 98.3%. Through characterization by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry, infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance, the structure of TGML was identified as a linear triglycerol combined with lauroyl at the end. Finally, the inhibitory effects of TGML on the growths of A. parasiticus and A. flavus and the secretion of aflatoxin b1 were evaluated by measuring the colony diameter, the inhibition rate of mycelial growth and the content of mycotoxin in the media. The results indicated that TGML had a stronger inhibitory effects on colony growth and mycelial development of both toxic molds compared to sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, and the secretions of toxins from A. parasiticus and A. flavus were completely suppressed when adding TGML at 10 and 5 mM, respectively. Based on the above results, TGML may be used as a substitute for traditional antifungal agents in the food industry.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1986

As a part of study on prevention from aflatoxin contamination of food and agricultural products, the effects of chloroform extract of various vegetables on the growth and the aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716 were investigated. Among 15 vegetables tested, garlic, zinger. radish and cabbage were effective in inhibiting the growth of the strain, but eggplant and lettuce slightly accelated. Even though mycelial growth was permitted, 4 vegetables inhibited aflatoxin production in the order of radish, zinger, crown daisy and cabbage, on the contrary, edible burdock and red pepper increased. Especially radish was shown to reduce the aflatoxin production per mycelial weight most. With the addition of chloroform extract equivalent 30g of raw radish on solid media of rice and barley, aflatoxin production of the strain was also inhibited about $80\%$ (484ug, 191ug) of that produced in the control (1796ug, l049ug).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.385-391
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• 2003

The influences of the extracts from Cinnamomi Cortex, Eucommiae Cortex, Puerariae Radix, Lycii Fructus, Zizyphi Fructus, Schisandrae Fructus, Mume Fructus, Chaenomelis Fructus on mycelial growth and aflatoxin $B_1$ production from Aspergillus parasiticus were analyzed. The pH of the culture media were reduced to below pH 4 by all the herbal extracts after 3 days incubation. However, the pH of the culture media increased above pH 6 after 6 days incubation using the extracts from Cinnamomi Cortex, Eucommiae Cortex, Puerariae Radix and Lycii Fructus. The mycelial growth of A. parasiticus was increased over the amount of the control. Puerariae Radix produced the largest amount of mycelial growth and Chaenomelis Fructus produced the smallest amount of mycelial growth. The productions of aflatoxin $B_1$ from A. parasticus culture were increased by the extracts of Puerariae Radix and Zizyphi Fructus, while inhibited by the extracts of Cinnamomi Cortex, Eucommiae Cortex, Lycii Fructus, Schisandrae Fructus, Mume Fructus and Chaenomelis Fructus. In particular, the extracts of Cinnamomi Cortex, Lycii Fructus and Schisandrae Fructus almost inhibited the production of aflatoxin $B_1$. The production of the total protein from Cinnamomi Cortex, which produced much less aflatoxin $B_1$, and Puerariae Radix, which produced a great deal of aflatoxin $B_1$ from A parasticus were slightly higher than the production of the total protein of the control medium.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.180-187
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• 1974

Of the Asp. spp. isolated by the Institute of Applied Microbiology, Kon-Kuk University, 7 strains were selected for the study of the immunological differencences among them using gel precipitation test. The strains were the following types : 1 type of flavus and 2 types of oryzae were isolated from Meju ; 1 type of flavus from Nuruk ; and each one type of flavus, parasiticus and oryzae from Kokja.Asp.flavus from ATCC, Asp. parasiticus nad Asp. niger NRRL strains were also used in the study as a standard. From this study, several points can be raised ; 1) There was no common antigenic property between Asp. niger and Asp. flavus, because of no formation of reaction line. Therefore, all strains could be easily distinguished. 2) There was common antigenic property, that is, the formation of reaction line between Asp. flavus and Asp. parasticus. Accordingly two strains could not be easily distinguished by the gel precipitation test. 3) Each type of oryzae, parasiticus and flavus of Asp. flavus group had common antigen one another as well as specific antigens only in the difference of the reaction lines, so they could be easily identified in the gel precipitation test. 4) Each isolated strain from Meju and Nuruk appeared to be identical. 5) It was shown that the gel precipitation test of serological methods was very useful for the classification of Asp. spp.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 1998

This study was perfonned to investigate the possible effect of Bacillus subtilis which is the predominant species of bacteria in Korean soy sauce, soy paste, and Meju (soybean cake) on the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517. The microorganisms were grown in a modified APT broth and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. Aflatoxins were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A remarkable inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus was observed during the incubation period when in the presence of B. subtilis (mixed culture). Dry mycelial weight in the mixed culture was significantly reduced by 85.3% in comparison to the control at the end of the incubation period (p<0.01). Lower levels of aflatoxins were found in the mixed culture than in the monoculture. At the end of the incubation period aflatoxin production was significantly inhibited by more than 50% (p<0.05). These results indicate that B. subtilis mainly inhibites the growth and aflatoxin production of toxigenic Aspergillus in Meju, soy sauce and soy paste. Although its effect on aflatoxin production was less pronounced, we could expect more inhibition by another bacteria related with fermentation in Meju.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 1988

The possible effeets of some oriental herbs, whleh have been used to treat eaneerllke dllleue In Korea, on growth and afIatonn production by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716 were investigated. Zedoaria rhizoma, Curcuma longa, Cyperus rotundus, Angelica gigas, Paeonia albiflora, Paeonia mountan, Atractylis ovata, and Pulsatilla koreana were extracted with chloroform. Among them the extract of paeonia mountan was remarkably effective on the growth inhibition, and Curcuma longa, Zedoaria rhizoma, Cyperus rotundus, Paeonia albiflora, Atractylis ovata also inhibited the growth. The ertraet of Atractylis ovata and Curcuma longa, also Inhibited the afIatoxin production but the others showed no effect at all or sometimes stimulated effect. With the addition of O.2ml extract of Atractylis ovata in 30ml SLS medium, the growth was delayed for about 2 days, and after 9 days, mycellum weight was 0.953g, and total afatoxin was reduced 5O%($792\mu\textrm{g}$)of that produced in the control($1547\mu\textrm{g}$). Aflatoxin per mycelium weight was decreased 32%($992\mu\textrm{g}$) of that produced in the control($1467\mu\textrm{g}$), but NADPH oxidase was higher as compared to the control. The extract of Atractylis ovata appeared to have a inhibitory effect on the growth and the aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus R-716.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-406
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• 1990

A female Holstein calf with five legs and two tails was examined macroscopically and radiographically. The external feature included two normal forelimbs, two normal hindlimbs, a normal tail and each of underdeveloped extra hindlimb and tail, which was attached to the pelvic region. The extra hindlimb consisted of an underdeveloped femur, crural meromelia, duplicated calcaneous, partially duplicated metatarsal bone, three rows of digits with hoofs. This extra hindlimb was connected to an extra os coxa. The cervical and thoracic vertebrae were fused partially. The lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae were duplicated. This calf is a dipygus associated with pygopagus parasiticus.