• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.1
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the carcass characteristics of crossbred pigs according to mating system, carcass grade and age at marketing. A total of 656 pigs of 128 gilts and 528 barrows were collected and analyzed at public slaughter house. Differences between LY and LYD crossbred on marbling score and water holding capacity were significantly (p<0.05) found. The influences of LY and LYD crossbred on carcass weight, backfat thickness, meat colour, carcass grade and age at marketing were not significantly showed. The carcass weight of D carcass grade was significantly (p<0.05) heavier than that of the other grade. The backfat thickness was significantly (p<0.05) appeared gradually in accordance with the increase of carcass grade. There was significantly difference among the carcass grades on water holding capacity (p<0.05). The differences among the carcass grades on the meat colour, marbling score and age at marketing were not found significantly. The carcass weight of high age group at marketing was significantly heavier than that of the low age group (p<0.05). The backfat thickness of the group of high age at marketing was significantly thicker than that of the group of low age (p<0.05). There were significant differences among age group at marketing in marbling score, carcass grade, and water holding capacity, respectively (p<0.05). The carcass weight was positively correlated with the backfat thickness but negatively correlated with the carcass grade. The correlation between the backfat and carcass grade was significantly negative. The meat colour was negatively correlated with water holding capacity.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.181-190
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Thoracic radiotherapy is a major treatment modality of stage III non-small cell lung cancer. The normal lung tissue is sensitive to radiation and radiation pneumonitis is the most important dose-limiting complication of thoracic radiation therapy. This study was performed to identify the clinical and dosimetric parameters related to the risk of radiation pneumonitis after definitive radiotherapy in stage III non-small cell cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The medical records were reviewed for 49 patients who completed definitive radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer from August 2000 to February 2010. Radiation therapy was delivered with the daily dose of 1.8 Gy to 2.0 Gy and the total radiation dose ranged from 50.0 Gy to 70.2 Gy (median, 61.2 Gy). Elective nodal irradiation was delivered at a dose of 45.0 Gy to 50.0 Gy. Seven patients (14.3%) were treated with radiation therapy alone and forty two patients (85.7%) were treated with chemotherapy either sequentially or concurrently. Results: Twenty-five cases (51.0%) out of 49 cases experienced radiation pneumonitis. According to the radiation pneumonitis grade, 10 (20.4%) were grade 1, 9 (18.4%) were grade 2, 4 (8.2%) were grade 3, and 2 (4.1%) were grade 4. In the univariate analyses, no clinical factors including age, sex, performance status, smoking history, underlying lung disease, tumor location, total radiation dose and chemotherapy were associated with grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis. In the subgroup analysis of the chemotherapy group, concurrent rather than sequential chemotherapy was significantly related to grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis comparing sequential chemotherapy. In the univariate analysis with dosimetric factors, mean lung dose (MLD), $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$, $V_{40}$, MLDipsi, $V_{20}$ipsi, $V_{30}$ipsi, and $V_{40}$ipsi were associated with grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that MLD and V30 were independent predicting factors for grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis. Conclusion: Concurrent chemotherapy, MLD and $V_{30}$ were statistically significant predictors of grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer undergoing definitive radiotherapy. The cutoff values for MLD and $V_{30}$ were 16 Gy and 18%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.6 no.5
• /
• pp.427-433
• /
• 2012

This study aimed at identifying changes in the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and arm when the caudal gliding gradeII and III of Kaltenborn-Evjenth Concept$^{(R)}$ are applied to the right glenohumeral joint. The humeral head moved down about 5mm from the initial position when the gliding gradeII was applied, and about 8mm from the initial position when the gliding gradeIII was applied. Although men showed a higher acromiohumeral distance per grade than women in comparisons by gender for the acromiohumeral distance, there was no significant difference in statistics. The Abduction angle improved about $10^{\circ}$ from the initial angle when the gliding gradeII was applied, and about $12^{\circ}$ from the initial angle when the gliding gradeIII was applied. Although women showed the abduction angle greater than men for every grade in comparisons by gender for the abduction angle, there was no significant difference in statistics. Based on the aforesaid findings, the extent of kinematic changes in the humeral head could be identified when the gliding grades were applied. Accordingly, it is considered that more scientific evidence based treatments could be expected if influences on the surrounding structures by these changes could be learned through more studies in the future.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.8 no.4 s.30
• /
• pp.125-133
• /
• 2006

In this study, the Korean Industrial Standard(KS) penetration grade system was examined to evaluate its statistical validity. It was found from this limited study that the system has no gap between each grade, the binder falling out of limit trespasses into other binder grade. Therefore, many products can have similar property level with an adjacent grade even though the mean value is within the specification limit. It was also found out that the equal range setup of each grade, such as 20 for 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, has no statistical foundation. Since KS penetration grade is defined without gap between each grade, the producer must maintain the coefficient of variation below the level by the ASTM system to satisfy the normal quality control limit of products. Due to its lack of a gap between grades, higher percentage of products will be duplicated even if the mean is at the median of the specification limits due to material's quality uncertainty. Especially if the mean moves toward the upper limit, a half or more of the binder grade will be overlapped with the upper binder grade. Therefore, KS penetration specification should be immediately modified by statistically valid methodologies.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 1998

Purpose: Piccolo et al. advocated the usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP breast scan in differential diagnosis of breast mass with high accuracy. But there are little or no follow-up studies about it as we know. We studied $^{99m}Tc$-MDP uptake pattern and lesion/background ratio in patients complaining palpable breast lesions to evaluate the clinical usefulness of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP scan. Materials and Methods: Total 34 patients were studied with physical examination, mammo-gram and $^{99m}Tc$-MDP scan prospectively. Anteroposterior and both lateral view of breast were obtained 5 minutes after iv injection of 740 MBq $^{99m}Tc$-MDP. Breast uptake pattern of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP was analyzed by a grade system: 0=no uptake, grade 1=bilateral diffuse uptake, grade 2=asymmetric faint uptake, grade 3=focal hot uptake. 20 cases were pathologically confirmed by excision biopsy or aspiration biopsy. 14 cases were normal in physical examination and mammogram. Results: Pathologic results showed 7 carcinomas, 6 benign solid tumors, and 7 fibrocystic changes. Grade 3 pattern of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP uptake was noted in 4/7 carcinomas, 3/6 benign solid tumors, and 1/7 fibrocystic changes. Grade 2 pattern was 217, 0/7, 3/7 respectively. The average L/B ratio was 1.66 in carcinomas, 1.68 in benign solid masses, 1.20 in fibrocystic diseases, 1.05 in normal patients. L/B ratio was higher in carcinoma and benign mass groups than in fibrocystic change and normal control groups(p=0.005). But there was no statistical difference between L/B ratio of malignant mass group and benign mass group. Conclusion: $^{99m}Tc$-MDP scan is not suitable to routine clinical use for breast mass diagnosis. It might be used in limited conditions when whole body bone scan is planned.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.55 no.3
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical composition, fatty acid profile and sensory property of horse meat according to meat quality grade (1 and 2) and cuts (loin, chuck roll and top round). The lipid content of loin was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grade 1 (4.65%) compared with grade 2 (2.31%), whereas moisture content was lower (p<0.05) in grade 1 than in grade 2. The pH value was significantly lower (p<0.05) in loin than in other cuts regardless of meat quality grade. Shear force value of loin was significantly different (p<0.05) between grades 1 (5.87 $kg/cm^2$) and 2 (10.86 $kg/cm^2$). Water-holding capacity values of loin, chuck roll and top round were not different (p>0.05) between grades 1 and 2. Meat color values ($L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$) of loin, chuck roll and top round were not different (p>0.05) between grades 1 and 2. Palmitoleic acid of loin in grade 1 (11.39%) was higher (p<0.05) than that in grade 2 (5.36%). Stearic acid of loin in grade 1(3.58%) was lower (p<0.05) than that in grade 2 (7.02%). Overall palatability of loin, chuck roll and top round did not differ (p>0.05) between grades 1 and 2. Therefore, meat quality grade had mainly affected lipid and moisture contents, shear force, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid of horse loin; and horse loin of grade 2 had lower pH and higher $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ than the other cuts.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Special Supplementary Mathematics Class on self-efficiency and fear of mathematics in middle school. For this study, the students involved in Special Supplementary Mathematics Classes in middle school took a pre-test and an post-test. According to the results, First, the students showed increased self-efficacy in mathematics after the Special Supplementary Mathematics Class. Second, the students showed a decreased fear of mathematics after the Special Supplementary Mathematics Class. Third, there were no significant differences between boys and girls in the effect of Special Supplementary Mathematics Classes on self-efficacy and fear of mathematics. Fourth, there were significant differences between Grade 2 and Grade 3, and between Grade 1 and Grade 2 in the effect of Special Supplementary Mathematics Classes on self-efficacy in Mathematics.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 2008

This longitudinal study investigated the causal relationships between academic achievement and self-esteem using data from a 4-year investigation(2003-2006). Academic achievements and self-esteem were assessed for a sample of adolescents (male 187, female 201) in KYPS (Korea Youth Panel Survey). Cross-lagged autoregressive analyses indicated that for academic achievement and self-esteem, these two variables were reciprocally interrelated in middle school. However, thereafter, middle school 3rd grade students' self-esteem influenced high school 1st grade students' academic achievement, while high school 1st grade students' academic achievement influenced high school 2nd grade students' self-esteem.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.229-242
• /
• 2013

Corrosion is important reason for the deterioration of the bond between reinforcing steel and the surrounding concrete. Corrosion of the steel mainly depends on its microstructure. Smooth S220, ribbed S420 and S500 grade reinforcing steels were used in the experiments. Samples were subjected to accelerated corrosion. Pullout tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of corrosion on bond strength of the specimens. S500 grade steel which has tempered martensite microstructure showed lower corrosion rate in concrete than S220 and S420 steels which have ferrite+perlite microstructure. S500 grade steel showed highest bond strength among the other steel grades in concrete. Bond strength between reinforcing steel and concrete increased with increase in the strength of steel and concrete. It also depends on whether reinforcing bar is ribbed or not.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.16-23
• /
• 1998

This paper examines the effects of specimen length and grade on the strength and stiffness properties of structural timber of radiata pine. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of 1,902 machine-graded boards with 3.15- and 1.62-m clear span lengths, were determined using a horizontal tension test machine. The mean failure and characteristic stress values for tensile strength show an extremely high dependency on test specimen length. The mean and characteristic values of both modulus of elasticity and tensile strength show significant dependency on machine stress grades.