• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.596-605
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 파랑이 존재하는 수역에서 수평방향으로 분사되는 비부력 원형 난류제트의 거동을 검토하기 위해 수리실험을 수행하였다. 난류제트의 유속은 PIV(particle image velocimetry)기법을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 측정된 순간유속장을 위상평균하여 평균유속장으로 계산하였다. 수리실험에서는 상대적으로 작은 파고의 규칙파가 사용되었으며, 파랑의 분산이 난류제트의 확산현상에 미치는 영향을 제트의 중심선유속과 횡단면유속의 변화를 통하여 관찰하였다. 또한 파랑의 위상변화에 따른 제트 거동을 파악하기 위하여 다른 세 위상순간에서 제트의 거동을 비교하였다. 제트의 중심선유속은 파고가 커짐에 따라 감소하였으며, 횡단면의 폭은 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 제트의 횡단면유속분포 특성인 자기상사성은 파고가 증가할수록 약해졌으나 축방향으로의 단면폭의 변화는 크지 않았다. 또한 파고에 대한 제트의 변화에 비해 파랑 위상에 대해서는 변화가 작음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.483-491
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• 2016

Precision of theoretical group velocity of waves in shell structures was discussed for the purpose of source localization of loose parts impact in pressure vessels of nuclear power plants. Estimating exact location of loose parts impact inside a reactor or a steam generator is very important in safety management of a NPP. Evaluation of correct propagation velocity of impact signals in pressure vessels, most of which are shell structures, is essential in impact source localization. Theoretical group velocities of impact signals in a plate and a shell were calculated by wave equations and compared to the velocities measured experimentally in a plate specimen and a scale model of a nuclear reactor. The wave equation applicable to source localization algorithm in shell structures was chosen by the study.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2012

This study investigates flow fields and energy dissipation due to regular wave interaction with a perforated vertical breakwater, through velocity data measurement in a two-dimensional wave tank. As the waves propagate through the perforated breakwater, the incoming wave energy is reflected back to the ocean, dissipated due to very turbulent flows near the perforations and inside the chamber, and transmitted through the perforations of the breakwater. This transmitted energy is further reduced due to the presence of the perforated back wall. Hence most of the energy is either reflected or dissipated in the vicinity of the structure, and only a small amount of the incoming wave energy is transmitted through the structure. In this study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was employed to measure two-dimensional instantaneous velocity fields in the vicinity of the structure. Measured velocity data was treated statistically, and used to calculate mean flow fields, turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy. For investigation of the flow pattern, time-averaged mean velocity fields were examined, and discussed using the cross-sections through slot and wall for comparison. Flow fields were obtained and compared for various cases with different regular wave conditions. In addition, turbulent kinetic energy was estimated as an approach to understand energy dissipation near the perforated breakwater. The turbulent kinetic energy was distributed against wave height and wave period to see the dependence on wave conditions.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.675-682
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• 2000

금강하구 부근의 연약지반에서 획득한 탄성파 자료(25개 shot gather)를 역산하여 2차원 S파 속도구조를 구하였다. 탐사측선위에 위치한 2개 시추홀에서 지질조사를 실시하고 표준관입시험을 실시하였다. 2차원 S파 속도구조는 대상지역의 지층이 두께 1${\sim}$3m의 상부층(S파 속도 200${\sim}$700m/sec), 두께 5${\sim}$8m의 중간 저속도층(S파 속도 100m/sec${\sim}$400m/sec)과 그 아래 S파 속도 1000m/sec 이상의 하부층으로 이루어져 있음을 보인다. 저속도층은 탐사측선의 한쪽 끝에서 다른 쪽 끝으로 가면서 그 두께가 얇아지고, 기반암의 깊이도 얕아진다. S파 속도구조와 지층의 지질, 표준관입시험 값을 검토한 결과, 저속도층은 clay층과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이에 비해 Standard Penetrarion Test 값은 지층의 성분과는 연관성을 보이지 않고, 깊이에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타난다. 이 연구는 표면파 역산이 연약지반의 S파 속도구조를 밝히는 데 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다. 또한 표면파 역산 방법은 연약지반에 흔히 존재하는 지표에 가까운 지하수면, 또는 저속도 층으로 인한 굴절파 탐사방법의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 방법을 제공한다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

본 연구에서는, 필리핀의 마닐라에서 관측된 지진 기록을 통해 얇고 깊은 토양층의 S파 속도 구조와 경험적 현장 증폭 특성을 평가하였다. 지진 기록에 빛띠 역산법 (Spectral inversion technique)을 적용하여 진원, 경로 및 국지적 현장 증폭 효과들을 평가하였다. 사용한 지진 자료는 36회의 중간급 지진들의 기록을 얻었으며, 그 중에서 마닐라의 지진 관측 망에서 강한 움직임을 보인 10곳의 관측점 자료를 이용하였다. 전파경로의 추정 Q값은 54,6f 1.1으로 모사된다. 대부분의 진원의 빛띠(스펙트럼)는 오메가-스퀘어 (omega-square) 모형으로 근사 될 수 있다. 현장 증폭 특성은 지표 지질조건에 따라 특유의 특정을 보여준다. 중앙 고지대의 증폭특성은 우세 주파수를 갖지 않는데 비해, 해안 저지대 와 마리카나(Marikina) 계곡에서의 증폭특성은 1~5Hz의 우세 주파수를 갖는다. 우리는 현장 증폭 특성을 S파 속도로 변환한 후에, 증폭 특성과 상부 30m의 평균 S파 속도 구조와의 관계를 검토하였다. 낮은 주파수대의 증폭 특성은 평균 S파 속도와 좋은 상관성을 보인다. 반면, 높은 주파수대의 증폭특성은 상부 30m내의 평균 S파 속도로 충분히 설명되지 않는다. 이것은 30m보다 낮은 심도의 평균 S파 속도와 더 많이 관련되어 있다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.207-219
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• 2021

Several additives are used to enhance the geotechnical properties (e.g., shear wave velocity, shear modulus) of soils to provide sustainable, economical and eco-friendly solutions in geotechnical and geo-environmental engineering. In this study, piezoelectric ring actuators are used to measure the shear wave velocity of unreinforced, fiber, cemented, and fiber reinforced cemented Toyoura sand. One dimensional oedometer tests are performed on medium dense specimens of Toyoura sand-cement-fiber-silica flour mixtures with different percentages of silica flour (0-42%), fiber and cement (e.g., 0-3%) additives. The experimental results indicate that behavior of the mixtures is significantly affected by the concentration of silica flour, fiber and cement additives. Results show that with the addition of 1-3% of PVA fibers, the shear wave velocity increases by only 1-3%. However, the addition of 1-4% of cement increases the shear wave velocity by 8-35%. 10.5-21% increase of silica flour reduces the shear wave velocity by 2-5% but adding 28-42% silica flour significantly reduces the shear wave velocity by 12-31%. In addition, the combined effect of cement and fibers was also found and with only 2% cement and 1% fiber, the shear wave velocity increase was found to be approximately 24% and with only 3% cement and 3% fibers this increased to 35%. The results from this study for the normalized shear modulus and normalized mean effective stress agree well with previous findings on pure Toyoura sand, Toyoura silty sand, fiber reinforced, fiber reinforced cemented Toyoura sand. Any variations are likely due to the difference in stress history (i.e., isotropic versus anisotropic consolidation) and the measurement method. In addition, these small discrepancies could be attributed to several other factors. The potential factors include the difference in specimen sizes, test devices, methods of analysis for the measurement of arrival time, the use of an appropriate Ko to convert the vertical stresses into mean effective stress, and sample preparation techniques. Lastly, it was investigated that there is a robust inverse relationship between α factor and 𝞫₀ exponent. It was found that less compressible soils exhibit higher 𝜶 factors and lower 𝞫₀ exponents.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2006년 창립20주년기념 정기학술대회 및 국제워크샵
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• pp.373-376
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• 2006

In general, a method for generating irregular wave by combination of component waves obtained from linear wave theory is widely used. In these method, however, mean water surface elevation is rising from time to time because of nonlinear effect of wave. In this study, for the rising problem of mean water surface elevation and stabilization of calculation from time to time, mass transport velocity for horizontal velocity at wave source position is considered. The rising problem of mean water surface elevation is checked by comparing calculated wave profile from numerical technique proposed in this study with target wave profile at wave source position in numerical wave tank by using CADMAS-SURF code. And, by generating irregular wave, the validity of wave overtopping rate estimated from this numerical analysis is discussed by comparing computed results with measured results in hydraulic model experiments for vertical seawall located on a sloping sea bottom. As a results, the computations are validated against the previously experimental results by hydraulic model test and numerical results of this study and a good agreement is observed. Therefore, numerical technique of this study is a powerful tool for estimating wave overtopping rate over the crest of coastal structure.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2011

The possibility of using the properties of an ultrasonic wave as a means for monitoring the moisture content of a board during drying was investigated. The ultrasonic wave signals are influenced by moisture content and other factors such as temperature, moisture gradient and coupling area. The effect of temperature was examined by measuring the transit times, amplitudes and velocities of ultrasonic waves transmitted through air, a metal bar and a board at various temperatures. The effect of a moisture gradient was studied using a model specimen composing five wood pieces of various moisture contents. The velocity and amplitude of the ultrasonic waves transmitted through air increase with temperature, while those through a metal bar and a board decrease. It was confirmed that the temperature effect is partially attributed to the change of transducer's properties. The effect of a moisture gradient on the velocity of an ultrasonic wave varies with the average moisture content of a board. As the dimension of the end face of a board increases the velocity of an ultrasonic wave increases and low frequency components more dominates than high frequency components. The transit times of ultrasonic waves transmitted through a board during kiln drying reflect the temperature steps in the drying schedule and the transducer temperatures.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2007년도 공동학술대회 논문집
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• pp.151-156
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• 2007

In December 2006, 2D surface streamer and Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) data were acquired in the Ulleung basin in Korea where strong Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSR) were shown as a result of 2D and 3D multichannel (MCS) reflection survey. The aim of this study is to provide another reliable source for estimating P wave velocity around BSR depth using OBS data in addition to velocity information from 2D surface seismic data. Four OBSs were deployed and four 20-km shot lines which pass two OBSs respectively were designed. To derive P wave velocity profile, interactive interval velocity analysis using ${\tau}$-p trajectory matching method (Kumar, 2005) was used for OBS data and semblance analysis was used for surface data. The seismic profiles cross the OBS instruments in two different directions yield recordings for four different azimuths. This raised the confidence for the results. All velocity profiles in the vicinity of BSR depth of four OBS sites show almost definite velocity changes which we could consider as upper BSR and free gas layer. Making comparison between velocity from OBS and that from 2D seismic semblance velocity analysis gives consistency in result.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.307-321
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• 2015

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of an innovative surface-mount sensor, made of a piezoelectric disc (PZT sensor), as a consistent source for surface wave velocity and transmission measurements in concrete structures. To this end, one concrete slab with lateral dimensions of 1500 by 1500 mm and a thickness of 200 mm was prepared in the laboratory. The concrete slab had a notch-type, surface-breaking crack at its center, with depths increasing from 0 to 100 mm at stepwise intervals of 10 mm. A PZT sensor was attached to the concrete surface and used to generate incident surface waves for surface wave measurements. Two accelerometers were used to measure the surface waves. Signals generated by the PZT sensors show a broad bandwidth with a center frequency around 40 kHz, and very good signal consistency in the frequency range from 0 to 100 kHz. Furthermore, repeatability of the surface wave velocity and transmission measurements is significantly improved compared to that obtained using manual impact sources. In addition, the PZT sensors are demonstrated to be effective for monitoring an actual surface-breaking crack in a concrete beam specimen subjected to various external loadings (compressive and flexural loading with stepwise increases). The findings in this study demonstrate that the surface mount sensor has great potential as a consistent source for surface wave velocity and transmission measurements for automated health monitoring of concrete structures.