• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.46 no.1 s.145
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2007

Experiments have been performed to investigate biological characteristics of Diglyphus isaea (Walker), an ectoparasite of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). At $25^{\circ}C$, development time of D. isaea was estimated as 1.3 days for eggs, 4.5 days for larvae and 6.3 days for pupae. Adult longevity was 25.1 days, and a female adult could lay 305.3 eggs throughout its lifetime. Number of L. trifolii parasitized or killed by the wasp was 962.2 individuals/adult. Most of all parasitized or killed larvae were identified as third instar. With 20% honeyed water as food source, half of the adults could survive 180 days at $5^{\circ}C$, 150 days at $10^{\circ}C$, and 90 days at $15^{\circ}C$. After storing at $10^{\circ}C$ with absolute honey for 30 days, 70 days and 140 days, a female adult in room temperature laid eggs 190.8 individuals, 104.0 individuals and 89.4 individuals, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2008

The comparative toxicity of recommended rates of three acaricides, fluacrypyrim, cyflumetofen and spiromesifen to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi and its prey, Tetranychus urticae was bioassayed in the laboratory. Fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen were much less toxic to adult females of N. womersleyi than to those of T. urticae. Adult female predators treated with these two acaricides produced $88{\sim}93%$ as many eggs as did control females. Fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen did not affect the hatch of N. womersleyi eggs or the development of surviving immature predators, and $92{\sim}96%$ of immature predators reached adulthood. Spiromesifen at its treated concentration did not significantly affect the survival and reproduction of adult female predators but caused 100% mortality in larvae of N. womersleyi. Adult female predators survived on a diet of spider mites treated with fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen, and their fecundity was not significantly affected. Moreover, immature predators developed normally on prey treated with these two acaricides. The results indicate that fluacrypyrim and cyflumetofen are promising candidates for use in integrated mite management programs where N womersleyi is the major natural enemy.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 2005

Three Korean isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae KCTC 0981BP (ScK), S. glaseri Dongrae (SgD), and Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP (HsK), were evaluated for the control of a turfgrass pest, Popillia quadriguttata. Three days after treatment, all nematodes showed high pathogenicity to adult P. quadriguttata with $97.5\%$ mortality by ScK, $90.8\%$ by HsK, and $80\%$ by SgD at the concentration of 900 infective juveniles per adult. Nematode attachment and infection rate to adult P. quadriguttata were various depending on nematode species and inoculation density. The rate of nematode attachment was $90.8\%$ in HsK, $90.6\%$ in SgD, and $35\%$ in ScK, resfectively at the concentration of 900 infective juveniles per adult. The infection rate that represents the rate of detected nematode from inside insect of body was $97.5\%$ in ScK, $ 80\%$ in both HsK and SgD at the 900 concentration of infected juveniles. The infection rate, however, was decreased to $27.5\%$ in ScK, $72.5\%$ in SgD, but no nematodes was detected in HsK at the concentration of 90 infective juveniles.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.437-442
• /
• 2015

This study, examined Chilocorus kuwanae for biological control of Saissetia coffeae. We measured basic developmental characteristics of C. kuwanae and its capability to prey on the second-instar larvae of S. coffeae by indoor breeding under the following conditions: $25^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, humidity $70%{\pm}5%$, and day length 16L : 8D. The average daily consumption of the second-instar larvae of S. coffeae by C. kuwanae adults was approximately 77.5 larvae/day, which was significantly 2.8 and 2.9 times higher than consumption by Chrysoperla carnea and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, respectively. During the nymphal period, C. kuwanae consumed a total of 659.0 second-instar larvae of S. coffeae. The interaction between C. kuwanae and the second-instar larvae of S. coffeae varied according to their densities, with the increase in C. kuwanae consumption rate noted to decelerate and gradually level off at the maximum, rsembling Holling's Type II functional response. Duration of egg to adult development varied from 21.1 days to nearly 27.9 days at temperatures of $25^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Hatchability, pupation rate, and adult emergence were greater than 72.3%, 77.8% and 83.3%, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.461-467
• /
• 2012

Developmental characteristics of Geocoris pallidipennis were investigated at a constant temperature ($20{\pm}1$, $25{\pm}1$, $30{\pm}1$, $35{\pm}1$, $37.5{\pm}1$ and $40{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), under long day illumination 16:8 (L:D) and constant relative humidity ($80{\pm}10%$). From egg to adulthood, the lower developmental threshold and the effective accumulative temperature were $14.8^{\circ}C$ and 399.1 day-degree, respectively. The experimental results at $35^{\circ}C$ were as follows. The egg period was 5.6 days (hatchability: 81.1%) and the nymphal period was 14.3 days (1st: 3.2, 2nd: 2.2, 3rd: 2.7, 4th: 2.7, 5th: 3.6). Female longevity was 33.8 days and the oviposition period was 29.2 days. Total egg production was 111.2 eggs and the maximum daily egg production was 14.8 eggs (in 7th days). However, although some eggs and nymphs developed at $37.5^{\circ}C$, G. pallidipennis could not develop at $40^{\circ}C$, The total egg production at $40^{\circ}C$ was only 22.1 eggs. When G. pallidipennis was fed on Bemisia tabaci pupae, daily prey consumption by nymphs (1st, 3rd and 5th) and adults was 1.9, 7.3, 18.7 and 29.5, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.427-433
• /
• 2014

To investigate the biological control of Aulacorthum solani, a comparative analysis was carried out using an indigenous natural enemy, Ephedrus plagiator, and an exotic parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. Lifespan, spawning periods, number of mummies, number of offspring, and developmental periods of the two parasitoids on Aulacorthum solani and Acyrthosiphon pisum were studied at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ with a photoperiod 16 h (L): 8 h (D). The lifespan of E. plagiator (5.3 days) was relatively higher than that of A. ervi (2.3 days) when these parasitoids were reared on A. solani at $15^{\circ}C$. Similarly, the spawning period of E. plagiator (5.3 days) was longer than that of A. ervi (2.2 days). When the two aphid parasitoids were provisioned with A. solani, the numbers of E. plagiator mummies at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 71.5, 41, 15.7, and 7.7, respectively, whereas at the same temperatures, the numbers of A. ervi mummies were 22.1 16.3, 6.2, and 0.4, respectively. In contrast, when provision with A. pisum, the numbers of E. plagiator mummies at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 70.3, 69.8, 34.3, and 8.4, whereas the numbers of A. ervi mummies were 93.4, 71.2, 34.8, and 14.5, respectively. The numbers of E. plagiator offspring emerging at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 42.1, 36, 11.6, and 0, whereas the numbers of A. ervi offspring emerging were relatively lower at 19.6, 13.5, 3.7, and 0.1, respectively. By comparing these results, it can be concluded that E. plagiator is a more efficient parasitoid of A. solani, whereas A. ervi is more efficient on A. pisum.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 1990

Some preliminary studies were conducted to find out whether the levee-burning could justifiable for the suppression of insect pests, particularly the smaller brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus F.). Density surveys on pests and their enemies (mostly spiders) were carried out upto the mid May at an experimental paddy field located in Suwon after of it's levee $(72\times1m)$ was burned on Feb. 20, 1987. Results were discussed in relation to density recovering of both pests and their possible enemies (spiders) and summarized as below. Not a single individual of any pest or enemy was found from the levee upto sometime after the levee-burning. Grasses started to grow more vigorously in burned ares than in unburned upto about 60 days after the burning. And densities of both pest and enemies grew higher in burned areas than in unburned from about 75 days after the burning (in Early may). It is suspected that all individuals of pests and enemies fond from the burned areas could have immigrated from the surrounding areas. If levee-burning was carried out in much wider areas, much longer time would be needed to recover the density of both pests and enemies to the center region of the burning. Wingless spiders would require even longer time than winged pest species to re-establish in the center region of the widely burned field. Pirata subpiraticus, the most abundant spider species in Korean paddy fields, starts to move about and searches for food at above $9^{\circ}C$ which is somewhat lower than the critical temperature for the pest species. Thus P. subpiraticus would require more food than other pest species early in the spring, and therefore, it would have lower probability to survive than pest species particularly in burned areas. Experiments for pest suppression with levee-burning would better be carried on in much wider areas, and its justification seems to be discussed after man other disciplines related to both pests and their natural enemies were throughly studied together with their density surveys. However, according to the present point of vie, the opinion that levee-burning is helpful for controlling pests which over winter on levee areas could not be justifiable.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.105-120
• /
• 2011

A moat is a pond or waterway paved on the outside of a fortress that is one of the facilities to prevent enemy from approaching the fortress wall or classify it as the boundary space, moats had existed in Europe, Asia and the America from ancient times to medieval times. however it is has been disappeared in modem society. In addition, a moat is a great value in historical and cultural sense such as offering a variety of cultural activities and habitats for animals, but unfortunately there is little consideration of its restoration plan. This research is aimed to investigate historical and cultural meaning and significance of moats which had been existing from ancient times to medieval times in the Eastern and Western. For this purpose, this research analyzed concepts and functions in consideration with times and ideological backgrounds of moats in Korea, China, and Japan. Results were as follows: 1. Moats in Korea existed not only in the castle towns of Goguryeo but also in ancient castle towns of Baekje and Silla. Natural moats and artificial moats existed around castles that were built to prevent and disconnect accessibility of enemies In Goryeo Dynasty and Chosun Dynasty, moats were also used as a defensive function. 2. A moat was generally installed by digging in the ground deep and wide at regular intervals from the ramparts, A moat was installed not only around a castle but also in its interiors. Moats outside castles played an important role in stomping the ground hard besides enhancing its defensive power. In addition, water bodies around a facility often discouraged people's access and walls or fences segregated space physically, but a moat with its open space had an alert and defensive means while pertaining its visual characteristics. 3. The moat found at Nagan Eupseong rumor has it that a village officials' strength was extremely tough due to strong energy of the blue dragon[Dongcheon] in Pungsujiri aspects, so such worries could be eliminated by letting the stream of the blue dragon flow in the form of 'S'. 4. The rampart of the Forbidden City of China is 7.9 meters high, and 3,428 meters long in circumference. It was built with 15 layers of bricks which were tamped down after being mixed with glutinous rice and earth, so it is really solid. The moat of the Forbidden City is 52 meters in width and 6 meters in depth, which surrounds the rampart of the Forbidden City, possibly blocking off enemies' approach. 5. Japan moats functioned as waterways due to their location in cities, further, with the arrangement of leisure facilities nearby, such as boating, fishing from boats, and restaurants, it helped relieve city dwellers' stress and functions as a lively city space. 6. Korean moats are smaller in scale than those of the Forbidden City of China, and Edo, and Osaka castles in Japan, Moats were mostly installed to protect royal palaces or castles in the Eastern Asia whereas moats were installed to protect kings, lords, or properties of wealthy people in the west.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate an effects on ago-chemical alternative materials such as the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan used for amount and qualities of fruits and to examine the pest protection efficiency for their uses in the apple and pear orchard farms. An apple yields in the orchard cultivated with using the ago-chemical alternative materials without appling the fertilizer and pesticides were decreased at 56% relative to the conventional farming practice method. Also, it was indicated that there was difficult to produce the fruits with marketability because the small sizes of fruits were produced. For the quality of fruits, the brix of apple produced in the orchard cultivated with using the ago-chemical alternative materials was similar, but Vitamin C content was greater than that of the conventional farming practice method. As a results of treating with the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan instead of applying pesticides, the fruit disease in the Chitosan treatment was a little decreased, but was great occurred in the other treatments compared with the conventional farming practice mehod. However, it observed that brix and Vitamin C content of apple produced in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, fermented plan juice and fish amino acid treatments and in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, charcoal power and peat moss treatments were greater than those of the conventional farming practice method, respectively. Over all, it considered that there was very difficult to manage the orchard depended on the ago-chemical alternative materials without appling the chemical fertilizer and pesticides in the apple orchard, but it might be proper to use the ago-chemical alternative materials as an auxiliary means to decrease the appling amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Furthermore, the general effects on the ago-chemical alternative materials to the perennial fruits should be investigated with considering the changes of soil fertility, soil microbial status and natural enemy creatures after treating them for a long time.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.187-198
• /
• 2022

In this study, Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was first reported as a natural enemy of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) egg collected from corn fields in Korea, and its biological characteristics was studied. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, the parasitoid emerged from S. frugiperda eggs was identified as T. remus. We found that T. remus can attack the eggs of S. frugiperda, Spodoptera litra and Spodoptera exigua under a laboratory condition. The longevity of T. remus female adult was longer than that of male adult. The egg-to-adult period of T. remus was not affected by the host age and sex. T. remus female adult laid at least 1-3 eggs a day to a maximum of 37 or more eggs, and the most oviposited on the 3^rd to 4^th day after emergence. The host preference for oviposition of T. remus adult was high in the order of S. litura>S. exigua>S. frugiperda. T. remus preferred to parasitize 1- and 2-day-old host egg rather than 3-day-old host egg. When compared to the sex ratio of T. remus progeny, the rate of female progeny was higher at the initiation time of oviposition, while the proportion of male progeny increased significantly with female adult age, especially after 8-day-old adult. This information may be useful for improving T. remus mass rearing system and developing a biological control program to control S. frugiperda.