• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.316-324
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• 1985

Vacuum-packed and seasoned smoked-dried products of red squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, caught in the Northern Pacific Ocean, were prepared and stored at room temperature for 90 days to test their keeping quality. Defrosted squids were eviscerated, skinned, and cut. The mantle meats were flavored with seasoning powders prepared from sugar, sorbitol, salt, monosodium glutamate, or smoke flavor (Smoke-EZ, Alpha Foods Co., Ltd.). After seasoning, the mantle meats were dried at $45^{\circ}C$ for 7 hours, vacuum packed in plastic film bags, and pasteurized in water at $95^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. Three kinds of products were prepared : control products (seasoned-dried), solid smoked seasoned-dried and liquid smoked seasoned-dried. The moisture level, water activity, color value (L, a and b value), texture, and viable cell counts of bacteria in these products were determined during storage at room temperature, $5^{\circ}C\;and\;35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results showed that the products could be preserved at good condition for 90 days though they developed pale brown color during storage. The contents of free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, and the compositions of fatty acids of raw squid and smoked products were analysed. In the amino acids, arginine, taurine, glycine and proline were abundant in raw and smoked products. The contents of hypoxanthine of raw and smoked products were higher than the other nucleotides and their related compounds. In fatty acid compositions of raw and smoked products, the dominant fatty acids were docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), hexadecanoic acid(16:0) and eicosapentaenoic acid (22:5).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.361-372
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• 1990

Processing conditions of whole sardine into modified fish sauce were investigated. Thawed and chopped sardine was homogenized and hydrolyzed using commercial proteolytic enzymes such as complex enzyme-2000($2.18{\cdot}10^4U/g solid$) and alcalase($1.94{\cdot}10^4\;U/g solid$) in a cylindrical vessel with 4 baffles and 6-bladed impeller. Optimal pH, enzyme concentration and temperature for the hydrolysis with complex enzyme-2000 were 7.0, $7\%$ (W/W) and $52^{\circ}C$, and-those with alcalase were 8.0, $6\%$ (W/W) and $60^{\circ}C$. In both cases, the reasonable amount of water for homogenization, agitation speed and hydrolyzing time were $100\%$ (W/W), 100 rpm and 210 minutes. Thermal treatment of the filtered hydrolysate at $90^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours with $6\%$ of invert sugar was adequated to inactivation of the enzymes and pasteurization of the hydrolysate. Flavor, taste and color of the hydrolysate were improved during the heating process in which the browning products might participate. The content of free amino nitrogen in the fish sauce seasoned with $15\%$ of table salt was ca. $1,640 mg\%$. Yield of the fish sauce based on the contents of proteinous and free amino nitrogen in the raw whole sardine was ca. $86\%$, and ca. $96\%$ of these compounds of the fish sauce was in the form of free amino nitrogen. The pH, salinity and histamine content of the fish sauce were $6.1\~6.3,\;14.2\~14.3\%$ and less than $10\;mg\%$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.947-952
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate cholesterol improvement of fermented defatted soybean grits (FD) and FD added with 2.5, 5, 10% mung bean (FDM). The FD and FDM were prepared by the solid state fermentation using Bacillus subtilis NUC1 at $40^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr. More than 70% cholesterol adsorption of FD and FDM groups was shown. Particularly, FDM added with 2.5% mung bean (2.5% FDM) showed highest cholesterol adsorption by 90% among FD and FDM groups. 2.5% FDM showed 42% inhibition effect on HMG-CoA reductase, and significantly decreased the intracellular cholesterol contents in HepG2 cells. Apolipoprotein AI, CIII improvement effects of FD and FDM group in HepG2 cells showed most effects in the 2.5% FDM. The results suggest that FDM added with 2.5% mung bean may be beneficial to the prevention of hypercholesterol.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2017

The study was performed on the effects of crop load of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees on shoot growth, reserved nutrients, and fruit production for two years, as well as regrowth of cuttings treated with various cold temperatures in 2012 and 2013. Crop load adjustments included three levels of fruiting; 54 (60%), 90 (100%), and 126 fruits per tree (140%). As increasing crop load from 60% to 140%, water sprout growth decreased, and one-year old shoot resulted in declined concentrations of total carbon, macro-nutrients, and free sugar. The 140% of crop load greatly increased fruit yield of approximately 35 tons per ha in both 2011 and 2012 but slightly reduced weight, size, and soluble solid contents in fruit. However, 140% of crop load increased annual production income to approximately over 10 million won compared to the 60% and 100% of crop load. Germination rates in the cuttings did not rapidly decrease up to $-20^{\circ}C$ in a growth chamber condition. The 140% of crop load decreased germination rates less than 70% of cuttings grown under $-30^{\circ}C$. Amounts of electrolyte leakage in the cuttings under various cold temperatures were not significantly different among the adjustment of crop load.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2001

The K-Ba complete solid solution of 7 synthetic hollandite-type minerals ($K_{2x}$ $Ba_{1-x}$ $Cr_2$/$Ti_{6}$ $O_{16}$ , x=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, respectively) are studied by the X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement to find structural transformation during substitution of $Ba^{2+}$ by $K^{+}$ in A site of the tunnel structure of hollandite. Rietveld indices indicate that $R_{wp}$ with respect to $R^{exp}$ ($R_{wp}$ $R_{exp}$ ) are in the range of 15.66%/20.90% and 14.74%/l9.37%, $R_{B}$ and S(Goodness of Fitness) are 6.45~8.97%, 1.45~1.63, respectively. Unit cell parameters of synthetic hollandites, space group 14/m, are a=10.1194(2)~10.0599(2)$\AA$, c=2.9572(6)~2.9512(7)$\AA$, and V=302.75~298.66$\AA^{3}$. Rutile formed as an impurity in those with more than 50% K contents in hollandite series. Substitution of Ba by K ion in a tunnel structure results in constant decrease of cell parameters, but is not sufficient enough to change the hollandite structure. Our data indicate that transformation of tetragonal 14/m to lower symmetry of monoclinic 12/m in hollandite structure may at least be affected by other cation substitution in same A site and/or by cation substitution in B site.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.464-470
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• 2000

The compacting and sintering behavior of titanium powders containing oxygen in the range of 1980~8450 ppm was examined. The powders were prepared by the hydride-dehydride (HDH) and by the deoxidation by solid state(DOSS) methods. Their compaction density ranged from 69.0% to 62.3% and decreased with the increase in the oxygen content. It was explained by the effect of oxygen on the hardness of powders. Unlike the compaction density, the oxygen content did not affect the apparent density greatly being 90.5$\pm$0.5% after sintering at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Their average grain size was $60\mu\textrm{m}$ and the size and distribution of pores were about the same for all cases. The hardness of sintered samples showed a linear increase with oxygen and could be expressed as VHN(sintered)= 135.5+64.3$\times$$(wt{\%}O_2)$ The exami-nation of fracture surface revealed that the ductile-brittle transition occurs at oxygen contents of 2987~5582 ppm.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2001

Physical and chemical properties, the salt accumulation and leaching of salt by water of coal fly ash ball (ash ball) were evaluated in comparison with perlite and granule rockwool (rockwool). Bulk density, particle density, solid phase, and porosity of ash ball were 0.93 g.cm$^{-3}$ , 2.29 g.cm$^{-3}$ , 40.6%, 59.4%, respectively. The bulk density of ash ball was greater, while porosity was smaller, than that of perlite and rockwool. Saturation moisture capacity was 52% in ash ball, 71% in perlite, and 90% in rockwool. Water contents after drainage for 1 hr of ash ball, perlite, and rockwool were 21%, 27%, and 80%, respectively. Water content of small granules (3-5 mm) of ash ball was 5% greater than that of large (7-15 mm) grannules. The ash ball was a weak alkali substrate with pH 7.6, but not electric conductivity (EC), of the nutrient solution supplied to ash ball slightly increased. When the absorption of mineral ions to substrates were analyzed, ash ball and RW absorbed mainly PO￣$_4$. On tomato culture, salt accumulation in ash ball substrate was similar to that in perlite. Most of the salts in the ash balls were removed by submerging the substrate eight times in distilled water. It is concluded that water holding capacity of ash ball substrate was lo as compared to other substrates, but air permeability, and water diffusion was excellent, making control of medium water content easy.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate variation of heavy metal contents for feed materials during composting and to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment methods on heavy metal analysis. Dry ashing, $HNO_3-HClO_4$, aqua-regia, HCl reflux, $HNO_3-HClO_4-HF$, autoclaving methods of $HNO_3$, HCl, and $HNO_3(2+1)$ were used as pre-treatment for heavy metal analysis. In analyzing standard material SRM 2781, recovery efficiencies of pre-treatment methods were 50-60% for Cr and Zn, >100% for Ni, and 80-90% for Cd and Cu. Recovery efficiency of dry ashing for SRM 2781 was the lowest. In composting raw material, Cd concentration by autoclaving methods was 3 to 4 times higher than the other methods and recovery efficiency of dry ashing was also the lowest. During composting, Cd content was the highest in autoclaving. Cr and Cu concentrations were the lowest in dry ashing and aqua-regia, respectively. Variation coefficients of Pb and Zn between pre-treatment methods were generally low.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.438-446
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• 2019

To investigate the changes in volatile compounds of persimmon vinegar (PV) during aging, PVs aged for 3-25 years were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 90 volatile compounds were identified, and acids and esters were the most abundant, followed by ketones and alcohols. The concentration of acetic acid ranged from 8,925.0 to 26,132.3 ng/mL, depending on the aging period. Ethyl acetate concentration ranged from 32.5 to 50,681.7 ng/mL and ethanol was present only in PV aged for 3 years (PV-3). The volatile compound content was the highest in PV-3. The volatile profiles of PV aged for 22 years (PV-22) and 25 years (PV-25) were considerably similar. Acids were the most predominant in PV-15, PV-22, and PV-25, whereas esters were abundant in PV-3. The contents of acids, alcohols, and esters decreased, while the aldehyde and ketone content increased with aging.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.495-501
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• 2016

Seok-jang is one of traditional seasonings prepared by solidification of the mixture of say sauce and salt for long period of aging time. In this study, the physiochemical properties of Seok-jang were investigated for the substitution of solar salt. Seok-jang exhibited highest mineral (P, Na, Fe, Mn, and Al) contents than those of solar salt and soy sauce, while showed lower soluble solids content than that of soy sauce. Seok-jang also exerted the highest pH value 7.70 compared to solar salt and soy sauce. Whereas magnesium and calcium contents of solar salts were 2.90 and 0.26 ppm, which were significantly higher than those of Seok-jang. In color values, $L^*$ value was highest in solar salt and lowest in say sauce, While the highest $a^*$ and $b^*$value were 6.19 and 18.2 observed in Seok-jang followed by a solar salt and soy sauce. On the other hand, less amount of insoluble solid and sand powder content were 0.03 and 0.07% found in Seok-jang, respectively. In conclusion, Seok-jang was suitable for the potentional substitution of natural salt ingredient.