• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2021

For a battery module where single cells are connected in series, the single cells should each have a similar state of charge (SOC) to prevent them from being exposed to an overcharge or over-discharge during charge-discharge cycling. To detect the existence of unbalanced SOC cells in a battery module, we propose a simple measurement method using a single-frequency response of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For a commercially available graphite/nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide lithium-ion cell, the cell impedance increases significantly below SOC20%, while the impedance in the medium SOC region (SOC20%-SOC80%) remains low with only minor changes. This impedance behavior is mostly due to the elementary processes of cathode reactions in the cell. Among the impedance values (Z, Z', Z"), the imaginary component of Z" regarding cathode reactions changes heavily as a function of SOC, in particular, when the EIS measurement is performed around 0.1 Hz. Thanks to the significant difference in the time constant of cathode reactions between ≤SOC10% and ≥SOC20%, a single-frequency EIS measurement enlarges the difference in impedance between balanced and unbalanced cells in the module and facilitates an ~80% improvement in the detection signal compared to results with conventional EIS measurements.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2000

This study was conducted to provide the data for the improvement of cerebral ischemia patient nursing services through the investigation of burden and hospital service satisfaction by family caregivers who were nursing the cerebral ischemia inpatients. The study subjects consisted of 125 family caregivers who were enrolled in four university hospitals with over 300 beds and one Chinese medicine hospital with over 100 beds. The Data were collected from all of the personal subjects using standardized questionnaires by interview from March 1 to March 30 in 2000. Data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA. Scheffe's multiple comparison, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficients. The results were as follows: 1. The mean score of burden felt by family caregivers who were nursing the stroke patient was 2.18. In relation to the characteristics of patients, higher scores were shown in male patients who were over 80 years old, and patients who had from 4 to 12 days care giving, over three month duration of admission, from one month to three month duration of illness. The burden felt by family caregivers revealed higher score of dependency in the Activities of Daily Living. 2. The mean score of hospital service satisfaction perceived by family caregivers was 3.35. The highest hospital service satisfaction score was shown in female caregivers, and caregivers whose patients graduated from element school, and treatment method was Chinese medicine, the duration of admission was under 1 month. As a result. the family caregivers' burden was seemed to be high when the patients who were old, male and as care giving time, duration of admission, duration of illness were getting longer. In conclution, hospital service satisfaction was good, but the satisfaction was tend to decrease that family caregivers who were male, higher education background and duration of patients' admission getting longer.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.683-688
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• 2008

For development of a human body model for electric shock, electroconductive paints with carbon black as a filler material were developed. The characteristics of the volume resistivities of thin films fabricated using the electroconductive paints were investigated as a function of the particle sizes and content of carbon black. With a carbon black particle size over $80\;{\mu}m$, agglomeration of carbon black powders was observed. The volume resistivity of the particles increased as the porosity increased and as the amount of carbon black decreased due to the agglomeration of carbon black powders. With a particle size of $4\;{\mu}m$ and $20\;{\mu}m$, agglomeration of carbon black powders was not observed and their porosities were measured as 0.86% and 1.12% with volume resistivities of $20\;{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and $80\;{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ respectively. A carbon black particle size of less than $20\;{\mu}m$ is considered to be suitable as a type of electric-shock electroconductive paint for a human body model.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.80-89
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review literature on anger management intervention programs for parents published over the last 10 years and to extract the key elements of the interventions through an integrative review. Methods: This research was carried out in stages following Whittemore and Knafl's integrative literature methodology. Key words in Korean and English were used to search the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMbase, CINAHL, RISS, KISS and National Assembly Library databases. Several intervention factors were extracted from the selected papers on the basis of the framework which was helpful to identify the intervention patterns and were classified into meaningful themes. Results: The extracted intervention factors from the final nine studies classified into four themes: 1) Modifying irrational beliefs through cognitive approaches, 2) Empowering parenting competencies through learning a parent's role, 3) Utilizing emotion management skills, and 4) Parent-child relationship improvement training based on self-reflection. Conclusion: Four main themes were drawn from the key components of the various interventions. These findings should be considered in practice, and further intervention development studies for parents using these findings should be conducted.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.479-488
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• 2012

A Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is shown in the present investigation to be effective of phenol degradation in the aqueous solutions in batch reactor with continuous air bubbling. Removal of phenol and effects of various parameters on the removal efficiency in the aqueous solution with high-voltage streamer discharge plasma are studied. The effect of 1st voltage (80 ~ 220 V), air flow rate (3 ~ 7 L/min), pH (3 ~ 11), electric conductivity of solution (4.16 ${\mu}S$/cm, deionized water) ~ 16.57 mS/cm (addition of NaCl 10 g/L) and initial phenol concentration (2.5 ~ 20.0 mg/L) were investigated. The observed results showed that phenol degradation was higher in the basic solution than that of the acidic. The optimum values on the 1st voltage and air flow rate for phenol degradation were 140 V and 6 L/min, respectively. It was considered that absorbance variation of $UV_{254}$ of phenol solution can be use as an indirect indicator of change of the non-biodegradable organic compounds within the treated phenol solution. Electric conductivity was not influenced the phenol degradation. To obtain the removal efficiency of phenol and COD of phenol over 97 % (initial phenol concentration, 10.0 mg/L), 80 min and 120 min were need, respectively. Phenol and COD degradation showed a pseudo-first order kinetics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.497-502
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• 2012

Anaerobic Digestion Process is evaluated as efficient wastewater treatment process with the removal of high concentrations of organic waste and production of biogas. This study was performed using hybrid anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) which consists of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and biofilm-coated filter media was applied for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for 80 days to know optimum removal efficiency and production of biogas by comparing each part which divided changing Organic Loading Rate (OLR). As a result of this study, the removal efficiency was 90.4 % when the organic loading rate of influent was 15 kg COD/$m^3$/day. Since organic loading rate was up to 20 kg COD/$m^3$/day, the removal rate declined 80.7%. Over loading of influent caused sludge expansion and overproduction of microorganism. Amount of biogas was collected 82.3 L/day and pH was remained 6.9 constantly with balance of alkalinity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.296-303
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• 1994

An immobilized Trigonopsis variabilis cells having an high activity of D-amino acid oxidase(DAO) was used to convert CPC into GL-7-ACA. The optimal pH of the reaction system was 8.0-8.5, and the optimal temperature was 40$\circ$C. When immobilized cell was used repeatedly in semi-batchwise reaction, the system retained 80% of the initial activity after used of 12 times for over 12 hours. The storage stability of the immobilized cell was maintained for 30 days at 4$\circ$C. The CPC concentration for the maximal reaction rate was about 30 mM and 40 mM for free and immobilized cells, respectively. Substrate inhibition of CPC concentration more than 50 mM was overcomed by 20~25% by immobilization. Pure oxygen supply into reaction system was most efficient in D-amino acid oxidase reaction. Continuous conversion to GL-7-ACA from CPC has been developed with an bioreactor system containing immobilized T variabilis cells. By opera- tion of the reactor for 5 hours, the average conversion yield of >80% and GL-7-ACA production of 40~45 mM per hour could be obtained.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.385-389
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• 2019

In this study, proteolytic enzymatic treatment conditions for Korean red ginseng were examined to increase the extraction yield. Commercially available proteases were screened to obtain high protein and carbohydrate yield. The optimal dosage and reaction time for Alcalase, the chosen protease, were found to be 2.0% (w/w) and 1.5 h, respectively. Treatment with optimal conditions of Alcalase increased solid yield, total phenolic content and gensenosides content by 57.6, 81.8, and 33.8%, respectively, over levels in non-treated Korean red ginseng. Antioxidative activities evaluated by free radical scavenging activity, cation radical scavenging activity and reducing power were exactly similar between Alcalase-treated and non-treated extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.213-219
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• 2004

This paper describes the developmnet of a web-based boiler controller which can be in parallel operated with an existing boiler controller. The web-based boiler controller mainly consists of RTL8019AS NIC and TS80C32 microcontroller. In order to communicate over the Internet, we need to develop network driver, IP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, and HTTP. For a specific application like web-boiler controller, we have proposed a common global data buffer algorithm to minimize the RAM memory usage. Finally, the correctness and performance of the protocols are tested and verified using CommView and Dummynet. The development is satisfactorily operated only for few hundreds of bytes of RAM usage without sacrificing interoperability between hosts.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this methodological study was to examine the validity and reliability of a translated Korean version of Templer's death anxiety scale among older adults. Methods: The translated Korean scale was administered to 203 older people who aged over 65 years. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to assess the factor structure of the scale. Internal consistency of the scale was determined using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and Guttman's split-half coefficient. Results: Factor loadings of the scale ranged from .43 to .86. The scale showed good internal consistencies of both total scale (13 items, ${\alpha}=.83$) and three sub-scales: meaning of death (6 items, ${\alpha}=.77$), death-related event (5 items, ${\alpha}=.72$), and time of death (2 items, ${\alpha}=.80$). The concurrent validity compare with Fear of Death Scale was significant. The Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's split-half coefficient were .83 and .80, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean version of Templer's death anxiety scale had satisfactory validity and reliability to measure death anxiety among Korean older people.