• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.813-818
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• 2003

This study was carried out to survey operation system of self-making TMR and particle size of self-making and commercial TMR, then to compare TMR particle size recommended by Penn State Particle Size Separator. Daily mixing time in self-making TMR averaged 48.6${\pm}$28.0min., 2 augar type of mixer was most by 55.5% and daily 2 times of mixing in summer and other season was 44.4 and 22.2%, respectively. Percentage of residual feed in upper sieve(19mm diameter), middle sieve(8 to 18mm diameter) and lower pen was 21.5~25.6%, 16.0~25.8%, 52.8~61.4%, respectively, at self-making TMR mixer. Percentage of particle sizes of more than 19mm in self-making and commercial TMR was 24.9${\pm}$1.4 and 26.2${\pm}$1.7%, that of 8-10mm 22.8${\pm}$1.0 and 12.8${\pm}$1.2 and that of less than 8mm 52.3${\pm}$1.7 and 61.0${\pm}$1.5, respectively, which in particle length of 8~13mm in self-making and commercial TMR was lower by 82.6 and 100% compared to that recommended by Penn State particle separator, respectively. Especially there was not particle length of more than 19mm in commercial TMR at all. It is necessary to check the number of cows ruminating in a farm in order to estimate the particle size of TMR; it is recommended to change the TMR mixing time or the TMR formulae if the proportion of ruminating cows in a farm is less than 40 %.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to show a reform measures by grouping for problems by the survey of TMR plants. Twenty total mixed ration (TMR) plants (10 cooperation and 10 private plants) were surveyed, of which 13 plants, 65% of total TMR plants, committed TMR formulae to a outside nutrition specialist (TMR formulator). With respect to consulting fee for TMR formulae, $500{\sim}900$ thousands Won was paid monthly. On the basis of dry matter 1kg, the prices of TMR products were $325.6{\sim}347.0$Won, whereas those of wet TMR products $365.7{\sim}375.0$Won, which was appeared to be factors to increase management cost. And also, because the TMR plants did not provide TDN (total digestible nutrient) value on their products, nutritional balance feeding for cows could not be managed in farms. It was calculated, based on ADF (acid detergent fiber) value, that TDN value in dry type TMR was 63.0% and 73.2% fur private and cooperation TMR plants, respectively and that the corresponding figure in wet type TMR was 64.9% and 67.2%. According to TMR plant employee's opinion, a prier items to enlarge TMR utilization were TMR education, TMR advertisement, and improvement of ability to make TMR formula. Therefore, for the purpose of further development of TMR, special education of persons related to TMR should be supported.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2019

A variety of livestock feed resources were used in Korean dairy farm due to a lack of the endemic feed. However, there is inadequate real farm data to support farmers' decisions on the choice of options. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of total mixed ration (TMR) as well as the metabolic diseases status in Korean dairy farms. TMR samples were collected from nine feed companies and eight selected self-formulated by the dairy farms. The nutrient contents were examined by AOAC methods. The frequency of metabolic diseases such as ketosis and hypocalcemia were surveyed. The average moisture content was 36.2% although the min. and max. value were varied from 21.7% and 50.6% among farms. The mean${\pm}$standard deviation of crude fiber (CF), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), and crude protein (CP) were $21.4{\pm}2.5$, $4.6{\pm}0.4$, $3.2{\pm}0.5$ and $9.8{\pm}1.7$, respectively. However, the average ADF and NDF was $17.3{\pm}3.7$ and $31.0{\pm}5.7$, respectively. The compositions of TMR were varied significantly among the dairy farms. The frequency of clinical Ketosis (CK), subclinical ketosis (SCK) and hypocalcemia were higher in early lactation period with 4.5%, 11.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Also, the frequency of SCK was higher than CK and hypocalcemia throughout the lactation. Periodic TMR nutrient analysis based on herd production or physiology change would maximize the effects of TMR feeding. Furthermore, the study results would be useful to the farm practitioner and producer for their farm management.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.540-545
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to study the effects of feeding dietary citrus byproducts TMR (total mixed ration) on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of Korean native beef loin (KNBL). The samples for experiment consist of the KNBL not fed with citrus byproducts (TMR-0) and the KNBL fed with citrus byproducts during fattening period (TMR-1). The control (TMR-0) KNBL was fed by general practical feeding (roughages and concentrates were fed separately), while the TMR-1 KNBL was fed by the same as TMR-0 until 17 months yearling but was fed by citrus byproducts feeding for 10 months after that. The $L^*(lightness),\;a^*(redness)\;and\;b^*(yellowness)$ value were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH of TMR-1 was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), the VBN content, TBARS value and EDA were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The water holding capacity, frozen loss and cooking loss were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but thawing loss of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1 (p<0.05). The hardness of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1, and the springiness of TMR-1 was higher than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), but the cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH and VBN content during storage were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but the TBARS value of TMR-1 stored during 4 weeks was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05). In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat, and the taste, juiciness and palatability of cooked meat were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. But the flavor and tenderness of TMR-1 were superior than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05)

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.365-380
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• 2019

Total of 20 Holstein calves of 10 calves (3.90±0.26 month of age) born in spring (S) and 10 calves (4.10±0.30 month of age) born in fall (F) were reared in this study for 24 months and diets were divided into separate feeding of forage and concentrates (C) and TMR (T). Therefore, 4 treatments in this study were composed of CS, CF, TS and TF with the factors of diets and calving season. After parturition of heifers, all animals were fed the same diet and milk production was recorded monthly. DM intakes in growing period were influenced by calving season, and those of the animals calved in fall were higher than in those calved in spring (P<0.01), but there were no significant differences by feeding method. CP intakes and TDN intakes were significantly influenced by calving season (P<0.05) and feeding method (P<0.001), and the animals calved in fall were about 1.2% higher than those calved in spring, and the animals fed TMR were about 4.7% higher than those fed concentrates and forage separately. Average, 9th and 10th months' milk yields were significantly influenced by feeding method in which those in the treatments fed TMR (TS, TF) were higher than in separate feeding of concentrates and forage (CS, CF; average P<0.05; 9th and 10th months P<0.01). Average milk persistency was also significantly influenced by calving season (P<0.05) and feeding method (P<0.01) and those in the animals calved in fall were higher than in spring and those of the TMR fed animals were also higher than in separate feeding of concentrates and forage. Milk persistency was similar to the results of milk yield, showing statistically significant differences affected by the feeding method at 9th and 10th months of late lactation (P<0.01), and it was about 8% higher in the animals fed TMR, showing higher tendency at 7th (P=0.12) and 8th months of late lactation (P=0.09). Therefore, it is expected that postpartum milk yield and milk persistency would be higher when the hiefers are fed TMR in growing period and calved in fall. Average milk fat content was influenced by feeding method. Milk fat content of the animals fed TMR during growing period were 7.8% higher than those fed concentrates and forage separately (P<0.01). This suggests that feeding TMR during growing period influenced first postpartum eating behavior, which stabilized the rumen and resulted in the increased milk fat. At 3rd month after calving, milk fat content was lower in the animals calved in spring than in those calved in fall, suggesting that it might have been influenced by the seasonal differences. MUN showed significant differences by feeding method in which those in separate feeding of concentrates and forages were higher especially in average, 4th, 5th and 6th months (average and 4th P<0.01; 5th and 6th months P<0.05). SCC was higher in the animals fed TMR than in those fed concentrates and forage separately especially in average, 3rd and 4th months after calving (P<0.01). In conclusion, when feeding TMR during growing period and calving in fall, it was not influenced by the high temperature in summer, and it resulted in the improved milk yield, milk persistency and milk fat content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.198-207
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• 2018

Objective: This study investigated the association of yeast species with improved aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silages with prolonged ensiling, and clarified the characteristics of yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration. Methods: Whole crop corn (WCC) silages and TMR silages formulated with WCC were ensiled for 7, 14, 28, and 56 d and used for an aerobic stability test. Predominant yeast species were isolated from different periods and identified by sequencing analyses of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain. Characteristics (assimilation and tolerance) of the yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration were investigated. Results: In addition to species of Candida glabrata and Pichia kudriavzevii (P. kudriavzevii) previously isolated in WCC and TMR, Pichia manshurica (P. manshurica), Candida ethanolica (C. ethanolica), and Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Z. bailii) isolated at great frequency during deterioration, were capable of assimilating lactic or acetic acid and tolerant to acetic acid and might function more in deteriorating TMR silages at early fermentation (7 d and 14 d). With ensiling prolonged to 28 d, silages became more (p<0.01) stable when exposed to air, coinciding with the inhibition of yeast to below the detection limit. Species of P. manshurica that were predominant in deteriorating WCC silages were not detectable in TMR silages. In addition, the predominant yeast species of Z. bailii in deteriorating TMR silages at later fermentation (28 d and 56 d) were not observed in both WCC and WCC silages. Conclusion: The inhibition of yeasts, particularly P. kudriavzevii, probably account for the improved aerobic stability of TMR silages at later fermentation. Fewer species seemed to be involved in aerobic deterioration of silages at later fermentation and Z. bailii was most likely to initiate the aerobic deterioration of TMR silages at later fermentation. The use of WCC in TMR might not influence the predominant yeast species during aerobic deterioration of TMR silages.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.105-116
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• 2014

In this study, we developed a fermented TMR producing system which could a continuous operation of baling and wrapping the mixed TMR. The baling part has fixed chamber of dia. 900 mm and width 900 mm. And the the turn-table type wrapping part is very compact compared to conventional one in market. The test result were: The absorbed power of the prototype in working was 9.0~15.7 kW. The combined baling and wrapping performance was over 20 bales/hr. The leakage in the process was around 1.9 kg for making a 350 kg TMR bale. The diameter of wrapped TMR bale was 900~950 mm, and its weight was 350 kg in average. Therefore the density was $718kg/m^3$, and it was very high density to the inputted TMR. The pH of the fermented TMR was 5.0~5.6 which was similar to the fermented haylage, also the TMR had no butyric acid's odor.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

In order to investigate the effects of synbiotics on change of chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of total mixed ration (TMR), eight TMRs fermented by synbiotics composing the anaerobic microbes (bacteria, yeast, mold) were alloted to the experimental treatments. Treatments were composed of untreated synbiotics(US), bacterial synbiotics (BS), yeast synbiotics (YS), mold synbiotics (MS), bacterial and mold synbiotics (BMS), yeast and mold synbiotics (YMS), bacterial and yeast synbiotics (BYS), and bacterial, yeast and mold synbiotics (BYMS). After 7 days of anaerobic fermentation, fermented-TMRs were exposed to air during 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. One hundred forty four (8 treatments ${\times}$ 6 exposing days ${\times}$ 3 replications) fermented- TMRs were manufactured by vinyl bag sized of 43 cm by 58 cm. The results obtained were as follows. Moisture contents of the fermented TMRs anaerobically ranged from 41% to 45%, and was similar to those of basal TMRs. As results of anaerobic fermentation, the concentration of crude protein was decreased by 11.7% to 14.8% in the untreated sample, while was rather increased by 11% when the TMR was fermented with BMYS. And also BMYS treatment showed decreases by 32% for crude fiber, 15.5% for NDF and 26.1% for ADF. Internal temperature of fermented-TMRs was highest at 7 day of exposing in the air. The pH of fermented-TMR juice was significant difference betweentreatments after 7 day of exposing in air, and that of BMS was highest at 14 day after exposing in air (P<0.05). Acid buffering capacity was increased in proportion to the exposing day of TMR, and peaked at 7 or 14 days after exposing. Ammonia concentration of fermented-TMRs was highest at 5 day after exposing in the air. Individual volatile fatty acid of fermented-TMR juice was very low level in all treatments. Although BMYS treatment to TMR inclined to increase in crude protein and decrease in fibers, but there were no positive effects on the fermentation characteristics after exposing in the air by supplementation of anaerobic synbiotics to TMR.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2021

This experiment was conducted to the purpose of evaluating the effect of feeding on Korean Native Cattle to expand the production and utilization of whole crop rice (WCR). TMR (Total mixed ration) feed was prepared by using WCR produced in Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do, and the growth capacity and meat quality characteristics of 16 Korean Native Cattle raised up to 29 months of age were investigated. The produced WCR silage for feed had a moisture content of 64.02% and a crude protein content of 7.54%, and was blended with about 45% during the growing season, and lowered to 35, 15 and 9%, respectively, in the fattening period (early, middle and late stages). The body weight of the WCR-TMR feeding group was significantly higher than that of the control in the middle and late fattening stage, and at the end (29 months of age), the control group was 631 kg/head, but the WCR-TMR feeding group was 647 kg/head, which was higher. The average daily gain was significantly higher in the WCR-TMR feeding group in the growing and early fattening period, and there was no difference in the mid- and late fattening period. In the whole period, 0.71 vs 0.75 kg/head/day, WCR-TMR feeding group was high. In terms of meat quantity, the back fat thickness of the control group (11.7 mm) was significantly thicker than that of the WCR-TMR fed group (9.3 mm) (P<0.05). There was no difference in Rib eye area, Carcass weight and Meat yield index (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the Marbling score was higher in the WCR-TMR feeding group (P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in Meat color, Fat color, Texture and Maturity. Considering the above results, TMR feeding mainly on whole crop rice silage for feed improved the productivity of livestock, but there was no significant difference in meat quality. Therefore, it is judged that it is necessary to produce and use the whole crop rice for feed in countries with poor forage conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.502-510
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to assess the use of peach pomace in total mixed ration (TMR) silages and clarify the differences in aerobic stability between TMR and TMR silages caused by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The TMR were prepared using peach pomace, alfalfa hay or Leymus chinensis hay, maize meal, soybean meal, cotton meal, limestone, a vitamin-mineral supplement, and salt in a ratio of 6.0:34.0:44.4:7.0:5.0:2.5:1.0:0.1 on a dry matter (DM) basis. Fermentation quality, microbial composition, and the predominant LAB were examined during ensiling and aerobic deterioration. The results indicated that the TMR silages with peach pomace were well fermented, with low pH and high lactic acid concentrations. The aerobic stability of TMR silages were significantly higher than that of TMR. Compared with TMR silages with alfalfa hay, TMR silage with Leymus chinensis hay was much more prone to deterioration. Although the dominant LAB were not identical in TMR, the same dominant species, Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus acidilactici, were found in both types of TMR silages after 56 d of ensiling, and they may play an important role in the aerobic stability of TMR silages.