• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제47권3호
• /
• pp.211-215
• /
• 2002

충청북도 증평의 독농가가 재배한 4년생 인삼의 지상부 및 지하부의 주요 생육특성, 뿌리수량 및 주요 작물학적 특성의 상관을 생육시기별로 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 4년생 인삼의 잎의 생장은 4월 중순(출아기)에서 5월 중순까지 급격히 진행되어 5월 중순이 되면 생육이 대체로 완성되며, 줄기는 8월 중순까지 계속 신장하였다. 2. 근생체중은 4월(20.7g)부터 6월(18.2g)까지는 감소하나 그 이후 10월(45.1g)까지 계속 증가하였다. 3. 칸당 수삼 수량은 4월에 1.5kg이었으나 5월과 6월에 각각 1.2kg 및 1.3kg으로 감소의 양상을 나타내었고, 6월 이후 다시 증가하여 10월에는 2.9kg으로 최대의 수량을 나타내었다. 4. 생육시기별로 수확한 4년생 인삼의 주요 작물학적 생육특성의 조사 형질 중 동장을 제외한 모든 생육 특성은 근중과 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 5. 4년생 인삼의 관행적 수확기는 9월-10월로 알려져 있으나 건근중 및 수삼의 수량을 고려할 때10월 중순으로 늦추는 것이 보다 유리한 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.480-488
• /
• 2015

Background : In order to determine the effects of planting methods on root growth of ginseng varieties, two different methods, direct seed sowing and transplanting were compared in terms of their effects on different root growth characteristics. Methods and Results : Higher fresh root weight was observed in ginseng grown by direct seed sowing. Direct seed sowing of three cultivars (Sunhyang, Chungsun and K-1) resulted in higher yield, whereas no difference was observed in the yield of one cultivar (Chungsun). Gumpoong was highly tolerant to physiological stress, as it showed fewer symptoms of rusty and rough skin root diseases in both direct seed sowing and transplanting. The average main root length per total root length of ginseng grown by direct seed sowing was 33.6%, whereas that of ginseng grown by the average of those by transplanting was 22.4%. Other root growth characteristics, including root length, main root diameter, and number of side roots, improved when the direct seed sowing method was used. Conclusions : To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the differences in root growth parameters of ginseng varieties grown by direct seed sowing or transplanting at the same planting density. Because of the advantages of direct sowing during ginseng planting, developing new varieties and improving cultivation methods are imperative.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제43권11호
• /
• pp.726-731
• /
• 2010

We report the tissue-specific distribution of chitinolytic activity in Korean ginseng root and characterize two 31-kDa chitinolytic enzymes. These two enzymes (SBF1 and SBF2) were purified 70- and 81-fold with yields of 0.75 and 1.25%, respectively, and exhibited optimal pH and temperature ranges of 5.0-5.5 and 40-$50^{\circ}C$. With [$^3H$]-chitin as a substrate, $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values of SBF1 were 4.6 mM and 220 mmol/mg-protein/h, respectively, while those of SBF2 were 7.14 mM and 287 mmol/mg-protein/h. The purified enzymes showed markedly less activity with p-nitrophenyl-N-acetylglucosaminide and fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferyl glycosides of D-N-acetylglucosamine oligomers than with [$^3H$]-chitin. End-product inhibition of both enzymes demonstrated that both are endochitinases with different N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. Furthermore, the $NH_2$-terminal sequence of SBF1 showed a high degree of homology with other plant chitinases whereas the $NH_2$-terminal amino acid of SBF2 was blocked.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.471-478
• /
• 2011

인삼줄기버섯파리(ginseng stem fungus gnat, Phytosciara procera, Diptera)는 인삼재배지의 고죽과 지하부 뿌리에서 5월초까지 유충으로 월동하다가 용화 후 5월말부터 우화성충이 발생하기 시작한다. 따라서 인삼줄기버섯파리의 최초 방제시기는 5월말에서 6월초가 가장 적당한 시기이며, 아울러 이 시기에는 화경절단이 이루어지는 시기이기도 하다. 이후에 발생하는 인삼줄기버섯파리 성충을 방제하기 위해서는 한 달 간격으로 두 세 차례 방제활동이 이루어져야 한다. 인삼포장에서 고죽을 제거함으로 월동한 인삼줄기버섯파리 유충의 생존과 제 1세대 성충의 밀도는 감소시킬 수 있었으나, 이후 다음에 나타나는 제 2세대부터의 개체군 밀도는 고죽제거여부와는 큰 상관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 고삼추출물을 주성분으로 한 친환경유기농자재 3종이 인삼줄기버섯파리 유충에 대해 높은 살충활성을 나타내었으며, 이 중 고삼추출물과 파라핀유가 주요성분인 친환경유기농자재 1종은 인삼줄기버섯파리 성충의 산란기피효과와 알의 부화를 억제하는 살란효과 도 확인되었다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 추계국제학술대회
• /
• pp.62-62
• /
• 2020

Ginseng is a shade-plant cultivated using shading facilities. However, at too low light levels, root growth is poor, and at high light levels, the destruction of chlorophyll reduces the photosynthesis efficiency due to leaf burn and early fall leaves. The ginseng has a lightsaturation point of 12,000~15,000 lux when grown at 15 to 20℃ and 9,500 lux at 25℃. This study was conducted to select the optimal light intensity of 3-year-old ginseng grown in blue-white film plastic house. The seeds were planted in the blue-white film plastic house with different light receiving rate (March 17, 2020). Between April and September, the average air temperature in the house was 20.4-20.7℃. Average soil temperature was 18.3℃-18.5℃. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. The pH level was 7.0-7.4, EC was 0.5-0.6 dS/m, OM was at the levels of 33.6-37.7 g/kg, P₂O₅ was 513.0-590.8 mg/kg, slightly higher than the allowable 400 mg/kg. The amount of light intensity, illuminance, and solar radiation in the blue-white film house was increased as the light-receiving rate increased and the amount of light intensity was found to be 9-14% compared to the open field, 8-13% illuminance and 9-14% solar irradiation respectively. The photosynthesis rate was the lowest at 3.1 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 9% light blue-white plastic house and 4.2 and 4.0 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 12% and 14% light blue-white plastic house, respectively. These results generally indicate that the photosynthesis of plants increases with the amount of light, but the ginseng has a lower light saturation point at high temperatures, and the higher the amount of light, the lower the photosynthetic efficiency. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the increase of light-receiving rate, and was the highest at 32.7 in 9% light blue-white plastic house. Ginseng germination started on April 11 and took 13-15 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 82.9-85.8%. The plant height and length of stem were long in the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The diameter of stem was thick in the 12-14% light-receiving plastic house. In the 12% and 14% light-receiving plastic house, the length and diameter of taproot was long and thick, so the fresh weight of root per plant was 20 g or more, which was heavier than 16.9 g of the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The disease incidence (Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Damping-off etc.) rate were 0.9-2.7%. The incidence of Sclerotinia rot disease was 7.5-8.4%, and root rot was 0-20.0%. The incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 34.4-38.7% level, which was an increase from the previous year's 15% level.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.349-354
• /
• 2013

Dried ginseng (DG) is in fact the representing ginseng product in the worldwide market. Although it is made in various packages depending on the processing method, size and age of DG, basic scientific data reporting the chemical components are limited. In this study, 4-year-old curved ginseng (CG), one of the domestic DG products, was selected for further investigation. Eighty-six samples of 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, which are the most widely distributed in the market, were collected for 5 yr. Their major components, such as moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolic compounds, and saponins, were analyzed to figure out the standard quality characteristics. The moisture content of all CG samples was less than 15%. The total water-soluble sugar contents were 22.9% to 47.8% and 23.2% to 49.5% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The acidic polysaccharide contents were 3.6% to 6.7% and 2.9% to 6.9% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The total phenolic compound content was 0.4% to 0.5% in CG, regardless of the piece-grade. The crude saponin content, which represents the active component of ginseng, was over 2% in all samples. In 30 piece-grade CG samples, the contents of major ginsenosides, Rb1, Rf, and Rg1, were 2.2 to 4.7 mg/g, 0.4 to 1.3 mg/g, and 1.6 to 4.0 mg/g, respectively. The ginsenoside contents in 50 piece-grade CG samples were 2.1 to 3.9 mg/g (Rb1), 0.5 to 1.2 mg/g (Rf), and 1.3 to 3.4 mg/g (Rg1). Overall, since there were relatively high standard deviation and coefficient of variation in all the chemical component contents that were assessed, we found some difficulties in showing the CG standard chemical component characteristics by average, standard deviation, and other statistical analysis factors.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.493-499
• /
• 2011

6년생 인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. meyer, 연풍)의 뿌리를 주근, 지근, 세근으로 나누고 각각의 중앙부위의 직경에 따라, 직경이 큰 것에서부터 1에서 4까지 등급을 나누었다(MR 1~4, LR 1~4, FR 1~3). 각각의 시료는 동결건조한 뒤 환원당 함량, 페놀함량 및 항산화 효과를 비교하였다. 환원당 함량은 직경에 따른 영향은 없었으나, 주근, 지근, 세근으로 부위가 세분화됨에 따라 환원당 함량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 총 페놀화합물의 함량은 FR-3이 8.19 mg/g으로 다른 부위보다 2배 정도 높은 페놀함량을 나타내었다. 수소 공여능의 $IC_{50}$값을 비교한 결과 FR-3의 $IC_{50}$ 값이 7.03 mg/mL로 가장 높았고, MR-2에서 37.02 mg/mL로 가장 낮았다. 전체적으로 세근의 수소공여능이 주근과 지근에 비해 높았다. ABTS 라디칼 소거능 역시 FR-3에서 24.87%의 가장 높은 라디칼 소거능을 나타내, 다른 부위보다 세근의 활성이 유의적으로 높음을 알 수 있었다. FRAP value의 측정 결과 역시 FR-3이 $0.23{\mu}M$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 인삼 연풍의 항산화 활성은 주근과 지근보다는 세근에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 세근 중에서도 직경이 작은 부위에서 높은 페놀함량 및 항산화 활성을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.442-449
• /
• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng is an important crop in Asian countries given its pharmaceutical uses. It is usually harvested after 4-6 years of cultivation. However, various abiotic stresses have led to its quality reduction. One of the stress causes is high content of heavy metal in ginseng cultivation area. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can play a role in healthy growth of plants. It has been considered as a new trend for supporting the growth of many crops in heavy metal occupied areas, such as Aluminum (Al). Methods: In vitro screening of the plant growth promoting activities of five tested strains were detected. Surface-disinfected 2-year-old ginseng seedlings were dipping in Rhizobium panacihumi DCY116^T suspensions for 15 min and cultured in pots for investigating Al resistance of P. ginseng. The harvesting was carried out 10 days after Al treatment. We then examined H₂O₂, proline, total soluble sugar, and total phenolic contents. We also checked the expressions of related genes (PgCAT, PgAPX, and PgP5CS) of reactive oxygen species scavenging response and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results: Among five tested strains isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil, R. panacihumi DCY116^T was chosen as the potential PGPR candidate for further study. Ginseng seedlings treated with R. panacihumi DCY116^T produced higher biomass, proline, total phenolic, total soluble sugar contents, and related gene expressions but decreased H₂O₂ level than nonbacterized Al-stressed seedlings. Conclusion: R. panacihumi DCY116^T can be used as potential PGPR and "plant strengthener" for future cultivation of ginseng or other crops/plants that are grown in regions with heavy metal exposure.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.150-154
• /
• 2015

Physiological disorders such as symptoms in leaf colored with brown spots are so many occurred in ginseng garden cultivated with paddy soil. This study was carried out to inhibit the symptoms of brown-colored leaf in 3-year-old ginseng by fertilizing calcium hydroxide [$Ca(OH)_2$] of 100 ~ 400 kg per 10a on paddy soil before transplant of seedling. Soil pH was rapidly increased, while Fe was decreased in soil by the increase of application level of calcium hydroxide. Soil pH was increased from 4.53 to 6.18 when calcium hydroxide was fertilized at level of 100kg per 10a. The content of Fe in ginseng leaf was decreased more than the control by fertilizing calcium hydroxide in soil. Ratio of brown-colored leaf and plant height and leaf area were decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. Ratio of survived root and yield of root showed the peak at the application level of 100 kg per 10a, and both of them were gradually decreased by the increase of calcium hydroxide. The decrease of missing plant rate above the application level of 200 kg per 10a had a negative effect on the decrease of yield of root.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.519-526
• /
• 2023

Panax ginseng is one of the most important herbal medicinal plants consumed as health functional food and can be fermented to achieve better efficacy. Lacticaseibacillus, one of the representative genera among lactic acid bacteria (LAB), has also been used as a probiotic material for health functional foods due to its beneficial effects on the human body. To achieve a synergistic effect by using these excellent dietary supplement ingredients together, a novel LAB strain was isolated from the root of 6-year-old ginseng. Through similarity analysis of 16S rRNAs and whole-genome sequences, the strain was confirmed as belonging to the genus Lacticaseibacillus and was named L. casei KGC1201. KGC1201 not only met all safety standards as food, but also showed excellent probiotic properties such as acid resistance, bile salt resistance, and intestinal adhesion. In particular, KGC1201 exhibited superior acid resistance through morphological observation identifying that the cell surface damage of KGC1201 was less than that of the L. casei type strain KCTC3109. Gene expression studies were conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of KGC1201's acid resistance, and the expression of the glycosyltransferase gene was found to be significantly elevated under acidic conditions. Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) biosynthesized by glycosyltransferase were also increased in KGC1201 compared to KCTC3109, which may contribute to better protection of KGC1201 cells from strong acidity. Therefore, KGC1201, with its increased acid resistance through molecular mechanisms and excellent probiotic properties, can be used in health functional foods to provide greater benefit to overall human health and well-being.