• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Background: This study aimed to investigate the flowering and fruits formation characteristics of Korean Panax ginseng varieties. The results will provide basic data for ginseng seed production and breeding program. Methods and Results: The characteristics investigated included flowering date, seed setting rate, seed type and seed production. The ginseng variety Chungsun had the earliest emergency and flowering dates, whereas Sunhyang showed late emergence and flowering dates. The emergence date of Chunpoong was not later than that of the other varieties, but the flowering date was delayed. The seed setting rate was 64.6%, 75.8%, 78.5% and 74.4% for three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. The ratio of double seed (RD) for Sunhyang and Chungsun were higher than those for the others, whereas the RD for Chunpoong was the lowest. Yunpoong and Sunone had many stems per plant and a high seed production rate. Seed production was 21.7, 67.7, 74.4 and 89.0kg/10 a in three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. Conclusions: The emergence date ranged from April 15 to 25, and the flowering date was from May 10 to the 19 for the new ginseng varieties. The average seed multiplication of the ginseng varieties was about 8.5 and 21.1 times a year for varieties in which, seed-production occurs once a year for over four years and four times over six years, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1987

Panu ginseng (6 Year old) was grown $17^{\circ}C$/$15^{\circ}C$ and $27^{\circ}C$ day/$23^{\circ}C$ night in the light room of phytotron for 84 days. The composition of neutral lipid(NL), glycolipid(GL), phospholipid(PL) and fatty acids were investigated in leaves. The contents of NL and GL were higher in $25^{\circ}C$ while PL was lower. Similarity (simple correlation) of lipid composition between $16^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ was not significant for PL and GL but significant for NL(p = 0.001), indicating that PL and GL were important factors in the mostability. Similarity of fatty acid composition between growth temperatures was highly significant (p = 0.001) for all three lipids, while similarity between lipids was significant between NL and PL (p=0.01) and NL and GL (p=0.05), but nonsignificant between GL and PL at $16^{\circ}C$. .In NL digalactosyldiacylglycerol (3->$7^{\circ}$) increased but monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (10%) did not change at $25^{\circ}C$. In PL phosphatidic acid (22 -> 4%) and phosphatidylinositol (18 -> 5%) decreased but phosphatidyl ethanolamine (12->l6%) increased at $25^{\circ}C$. Percent unsaturated acid slightly decreased in NL and PL but greatly increased in GL at $25^{\circ}C$. Percent unsaturated bond slightly decreased in NL but did not change in PL and GL.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.389-393
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of growth characteristics, yield and extract content between upland and paddy ginseng cultured with 4­year-old ginseng in 2003. Although upland ginseng showed larger variation in yield than that of paddy ginseng, the average of it was greater than that of paddy ginseng because it showed better growth of aerial part and higher survival rate than that of paddy ginseng. Moisture content of fresh root was $71.8\%\;(68.5\~73.1\%),\;and\;72.7\%\;(70.2 \~74.9\%)$ on average in upland and paddy ginseng, respectively. Paddy ginseng showed higher hardness in taproot, and higher rate of rusty colored root than that of upland ginseng. The ratio of taproot dry weight in upland ginseng was smaller than that of paddy ginseng, while that of lateral root was larger in upland ginseng. Ratio of marketable root (>60g) to total harvested roots was $13.7\%\;(0.82\~8.0\%)\;and\;7.7\%\;(1.6\~12.6\%)$ in upland and paddy ginseng, respectively. Extract content did not show distinct difference between upland and paddy ginseng, but it showed large variation from $16.1\;to\;25.1\%$ in taproot, and from $24.2\;to\;32.5\%$ in lateral root depanding on the ginseng field examined.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.563-569
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• 2020

Background: White ginseng consists of the roots and rhizomes of the Panax species, and red ginseng is made by steaming and drying white ginseng. While red ginseng has both polar and nonpolar ginsenosides, previous studies showed white ginseng to have only polar ginsenosides. Because nonpolar ginsenosides are formed through the manufacture of red ginseng from white ginseng, researchers have generally thought that nonpolar ginsenosides do not exist in white ginseng. Methods: We developed a simultaneous quantitative method for six nonpolar ginsenosides in white ginseng using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection. The nonpolar ginsenosides of white ginseng were extracted for 4 h under reflux with 50% methanol. Results: Using the gradient elution system, all target components were completely separated within 50 min. Nonpolar ginsenosides were determined in the rhizome head (RH), main root (MR), lateral root, and hairy root (HR) of 6-year-old white ginseng samples obtained from several regions (Geumsan, Punggi, and Kanghwa). The total content in the HR of white ginseng was 37.8-56.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng. The total content in the MR of white ginseng was 5.9-24.3% of that in the MR of red ginseng. In addition, the total content in the RH of white ginseng was 28.5-35.8% of that in the HR of red ginseng Conclusion: It was confirmed that nonpolar ginsenosides known to be specific components of red ginseng were present at substantial concentrations in the HR or RH of white ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 2006

A cDNA library was constructed from leaf samples of 4-year-old Panax ginseng cultured in a field. 3,000 EST from a size selected leaf cDNA library were analyzed. The 349 of 2,896 cDNA clones has related with energy metabolism genes. The 349 known genes were categorized into nine groups according to their functional classification, aerobic respiration(48.4%), accessory proteins of electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(17.2%), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis(3.4%), electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(2.9%), respiration(2.0%), glycolysis methylglyoxal bypass(1.7%), metabolism of energy reserves(0.6%) and alcohol fermentation(0.3%).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.2 s.54
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• pp.61-66
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• 1999

Experiments were carried out to examine the rusty tolerance in 61 inbred lines of ginseng cultivated in field, and chemical components were analyzed to clarify the difference between healthy and rusty ginseng roots. Among them, 10 lines showed rusty tolerance (RT) while 10 lines showed rusty sensitivity (RS). The content of phenolic compound in RT was lower than that in RS in cortex, epidermis and branch & fine roots, but it was not difference between RT and RS in stele. The contents of K, Ca, Na in RT were lower than RS in cortex, and the content of Mg, Fe, Na, Mn, AI, Si in RT were lower than RS in epidermis, and the content of Fe in RT were lower than RS in branch & fine roots, but mineral contents were not difference between RT and RS in stele. The content of phenolic compound in healthy cortex was lower than that in rusty cortex in same 6-year roots, but the mineral contents were not difference between healthy and rusty cortex in same 6-year roots. In root of seedlings, the contents of phenolic compound, K and Na in RT were lower than RS. It was suggested that the contents of phenolic compound, K and Na might be marker to select rusty tolerance ginseng lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2011

Panax ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine for several centuries in Korea. A laboratory experiment using methanol extracts of freeze-dried leaves and roots in the different ages of P. ginseng was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. The results indicate that the total phenolics level [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was higher in leaves (22.0 to 76.3 mg $kg^{-1}$) than roots (19.0 to 28.3 mg $kg^{-1}$) of P. ginseng. The total content of phenolics in roots increased with increase in age of P. ginseng from one to six years. However, the content of phenolics in P. ginseng leaf decreased with the increase in age. Total flavonoid [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] was more detected in the leaves (30.3 to 138.6 mg $kg^{-1}$) than in the roots (0.0 to 10.6 mg $kg^{-1}$) of P. ginseng. The total flavonoid level in leaves decreased with increase in age of P. ginseng. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts from the plants dose-dependently increased. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in leaves (36.9 to 82.8%) than in roots (14.8 to 39.4%), and in young plants than in old ones. According to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the methanol extracts from 5 year-root part showed the highest cytotoxicity against Calu-6, followed by 2 year- and 3 year-roots. However, the methanol extracts from 6 year- and 4 year-roots had lower cytotoxicity. Total phenolics content in both leaves and roots was highly correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging ($r^2=0.7366$ to 0.7870) and nitrite scavenging ($r^2=0.5604$ to 0.8794) activities, suggesting that they contribute to the antioxidant properties of the P. ginseng plants.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.241-244
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• 2005

This study was carried out to compare growth characteristics, and extract and crude saponin contents of 4-year-old ginseng cultured by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation at several farms of the main producing district, Geumsan and Eumsung. Though root weight per plant of direct seeding cultivation was lower than that of transplanting cultivation, but yield of the former was higher than that of the latter owing to high rate of survival plant and Leaf Area Index. Dry matter partitioning ratio of direct seeding cultivation was high in primary root and low in secondary root because direct seeding cultivation elongated the length of primary root, while it suppressed the growth of secondary root. Ratio of rusty root was decreased in condition of direct seeding cultivation, while the contents of extract and crude saponin were lower than that of transplanting cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 1974

The radioactive compound sodium $acetate-U-C^{14}\;(C^{14}-acetate)$ was administered to two- and four-year-old July and September American ginseng (Araliaceae, Panax quinquefolium L.) plants and cuttings. The $C^{14}-acetate$ uptake was approximately 99%. The autoradiochromatograms suggest that the saponins isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography contained impurities, especially those isolated from the leaf and stem extracts. The root and fruit methanol extracts yielded relatively pure saponins. The large amounts of panaquilin B and its proximity to panaquilin C on preparative thin-layer plates resulted in some admixing. The average concentration (% plant dry weight) of semi-purified saponins were high in the leaves (13.8%), as compared to fruits (9.8%), stems (7.9%) and roots (6.3%). The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilins was 4.8%. The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilins B and C was higher (1.40% and 1.13%, respectively) than that into panaquilins C, (d), G-1 and G-2 (0.75%, 0.65%, 0.13% and 0.53%, respectively). Panaquilin synthesis may be depending upon the part, collection period and age of the plant. The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilin B is high in roots (0.58%) and stems (0.48%); that into panaquilins C and (d) high in leaves (0.40% and 0.45%, respectively); and that into panaquilin E high in roots and leaves (0.55% and 0.50%, respectively). Panaquilin G-2 was synthesized in all parts of plants. The panaquilins appear to be biosynthesized more actively in July than September (exception-panaquilin G-1). Panaquilins B, C and G-1 may be biosynthesized more actively in four-year-old plants and panaquilins (d) and E more actively in two-year-old plants. The results from expectance with cuttings suggest that the panaquilins are synthesized de novo in the above-ground parts of ginseng plants, and that panaquilin G-1 may be synthesized de novo in the leaf. It is known from the tissue culture studies that panaquilins are produced by leaf, stem and root callus tissues and cailus-root cultures of American and Korean ginseng plants. Panaquilins may actively be synthesized de novo in most any cell or organ of the ginseng plants. It was verified that $C^{14}-acetate$ was incorporated into the panaxadiol portions of the panaquilins of two-year-old plants (sp. act. 0.56 mmcCi/mg) and four-year-old plants $(sp.\;act.\;0.54\;m{\mu}Ci/mg)$.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate residual characteristics of tolclofos-methyl in ginseng and elucidate the reason for its high detection rate from fresh ginseng selling at markets. Seeds of ginseng were sowed after seed dressing with tolclofos-methyl and after a year of growth, the young seedlings were transplanted to field. They were then harvested annually until three-years of growth and the pesticide residue was analyzed in them. LOD and LOQ of the pesticide were 0.001 and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. Recovery test was carried out to validate the analytical method for tolclofos-methyl in ginseng. The ginseng seedlings were fortified with the test pesticide at the level of LOQ, ten times of LOQ and maximum residue concentration of tolclofos-methyl. Its recovery ranged from 77.37 to 100.16%. Residual concentration of tolclofos-methyl in ginseng seedlings just before transplanting and two-year-old ginseng were from 7.58 to 8.05 and from 6.46 to 6.79 mg/kg, respectively. In case of three-year-old ginseng, it was found to be from 4.18 to 4.35 mg/kg. As a result of annual pesticide residue analysis, concentration of the pesticide was found to decrease time-coursely in ginseng. This may be due to decomposition and increasing of fresh weight of the ginseng during the cultivation periods of three years.