• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.268-273
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• 1996

An extremely cadmium tolerant yeast, Hansenula anomala B-7 used to determine the modification of the intracellular enzyme activities by cadmium ion. The activities of alcohol dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, and cytidine deaminase were decreased up to 90%, 40%, and 86% compa- red with the control by 1 mM cadmium nitrate respectively, but the activities of malate dehydrogenase, 6- phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased up to 440%, 136%, 260% and 155% compared with the control by 1 mM cadmium nitrate respectively. These results show that the activities of the enzymes participating in Embden-Mayerhof pathway (e.g. anaerobic metabolism) were reduced by cadmium, but those involved in hexose monophosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (e.g. aerobic metabolism) were stimulated in contrast. It has been suggested that the diminished activity of cytidine deaminase in pyrimidine nucleotide dissimilation occured due to the inhibited nucleotide dissimilation by cadmium ion; the enhanced activity of cytochrome c oxidase was specifically required in order to oxidize a raised amount of NADH and NADPH due to the increased aerobic metabolism.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 1997

Acinetobacter sp. strain JC1 DSM 3803, a carboxydobacterium, was found to grow methylotrophically at the expense of methanol and methlamine, but not of methane, formaldehyde, formate, dimethylamine, or trimethylamine, as the sole source of carbon and energy. The doubling times of the bacterium growing on methanol (0.5%, v/v) and methylamine (0.5%, w/v) at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.8 were 4.8 h and 5.7 h, respectively. Cells grown on methanol, however, failed to show typical methanol dehydrogenase and oxidase activities. The cell was found to contain no c-type cytochromes. Cells grown on methanol exhibited higher catalase activity than those grown on pyruvate or glucose. The catalase present in the cells also exhibited peroxidase activity. The catalase activity, growth on methanol of the cell, and oxygen consumption by methanol-grown maldehyde dehydrogenase, formaldehyde reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were detected from cells grown on methanol.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1995

A horizontal starch gal electrophoresis for enzyme proteins extracted from 3 species of Korean planorbid snails; Gyraulus convexiusculus, Hippeutis cantori and Segmentina hemisphaerula was carried out in order to elucidate their genetic relationships.The results from 12 enzymes employed in three different kinds of buffer systems are summarized as follows:1) Two loci from each enzyme of aldehyde oxidase, esterase, glucose phosphate isomerase. isocitrate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, malate dehyogenase, peptidase and xanthine oxidase were detected, and only one locus was observed from each of the following four enzymes: 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.2) Most of loci in 3 species of planorbid snails employed showed homozygous and monomorphic banding patterns and some of them were specifis as genetic markers among different species. However, a few of loci (EST-1. EST-2 and GPI-2)showed polymorphic banding patterns. 3)Hippeutis cantori and Segmentina hemisphaerula were more closely clustered in a dendrogram with the genetic iddentity value of 0.431, and these two species were lineated with Gyraulus convexiusculus as another cluster at the value of 0.294.In summarizing the above results, three species of Korean planorbid snails employed in this study mostly showed monomorphic enzyme protein banding patterns and genetic differences specific among 3 species.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.438-442
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• 2010

Rhemannie Radix Preparata (RRP) has been previously employed in traditional oriental medicine as a treatment for diabetic thirst and improving blood flow. The aim of this study was to evaluate its hypoglycemic control by assaying the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Further, RRP extracts were prepared in water (RRPW), in 50% ethanol (RRP50), and in 100% ethanol (RRP100), respectively, and compared for their actions in diabetic rats. The oral treatment of RRP (5 mg/kg b.w./d) to diabetic rats for 21 days resulted in a significant decline in blood glucose by 67% compared to diabetic control rats (P < 0.05). The altered activities of glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in the livers of diabetic rats were reversed significantly to near-normal levels by the administration of RRP (P < 0.05). Among the three RRP extracts, RRP100 was the most effective in terms of hypoglycemic action. However, the administration of RRP to diabetic rats did not improve insulin production. The modulatory effects of RRP100 on the attenuation of carbohydrate enzyme activities appear to hold promise for widespread use for the treatment of diabetes in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 1996

This experiment was performed with the purpose of finding out the effect of simulated acid rain at various pH levels on the morphology and enzyme of Perilla frutescens var. japonica hara. The pH levels of simulated acid rain ranged from pH 2.0 to pH 6.0. The experiment showed the anion concentrations in the order of $SO_4^{2-}$, Cl^-$, $NO_3^-$, and $F^-$, $SO_4^{-2}$ was found out to be the main factor which contributed to the rainwater acidification. A general decrease of growth in Perilla frutescens var. japonica hara growth was shown with the decreas of pH concentration. As acidity increases a definite reduction in the rates of germination, heigth of plant, malate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was ovserved, but the density of spots on the leaf apex was increased.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1993

We attempted in this study to understand the hypoglycemic action of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats, through its actions on several enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism of the 1eve1 to compare with those of ginsenosides in streptozotocin injected diabetic rats. It was realized that the increased level of glucose, ketone bodies, lactate, nonesterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol in blood was significantly decreased and the decreased liver glycogen content of streptozotocin injected rats were appreciably moderated by intraperitoneal injection of the fat soluble fraction of red ginseng roots as shown in the saponin injected diabetic rats. The deceased activities of liver enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism such as phosphofructokinase, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were also sufficiently modified by the intraperitoneal injection of the above fat soluble fraction as shown in the ginsenoside injected streptozotocin induced rats.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 1985

Rhizobium japonicum isolates from all around Korea could be classified into two groups, i.e., acid producing fast-growers with 2.4 hour mean generation time and non-acid producing slow-growers in yeast extract-mannitol medium with 13.1 hour mean generation time. Tested fast-growers were higher in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity than slow-growers were and used sucrose as carbon source whereas slow-growers did not. Fast-grower R4, R257, R278, showed tolerance even in 0.5M NaCl or above and the growth of all the strains tested were inhibited at below pH 4.5. Relative symbiotic activities of nitrogen fixation for these isolated with Glycine max cv. Jangyeobkong (commercial soybean cultivar mostly cultivated in Korea) ranged 0.1 to 2.0 comparing to that of R. japonicum L-259 (NRRL), without regard to their growth rate.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of black ginseng (9 times-steamed ginseng) on hypoglycemic action in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats as well as changes in ginsenoside composition by the steaming process. As the number of steaming cycles increased, the amounts of crude saponin and most ginsenoside contents decreased, while the amount of ginsenoside- Rg3 and the ratio of PD/PT (=[$Rb_1+Rb_2+Rc+Rd+Rg_3]/[Re+Rb_1+Rh_1]$) increased. This ginsenoside composition is a unique characteristic compared to other types of ginseng products. In order to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the black ginseng extract, in vivo studies were performed in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The studies showed that the administration of the black ginseng extract decreased high blood glucose levels (more than 300 mg/dL) to a normal level (102 mg/dL). These results suggest that this black ginseng extract has a significant hypoglycemic effect and can be used as an anti-diabetic substance for dietary supplements or new drugs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.465-475
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• 2024

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K9 is a probiotic strain that can be utilized from various bioactive substances isolated from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae. In this study, a genetic analysis of L. plantarum K9 revealed the existence of a bacterial chromosome and three plasmids. The glycolysis pathway and pentose phosphate pathway were examined for their normal functioning via an analysis of the core metabolic pathways of L. plantarum K9. Since the key enzymes, fluctose-1,6-bisphospatase (EC: 3.1.3.11) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (EC: 4.2.1.12)/2-keto-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolase (EC: 4.2.1.55), of gluconeogenesis and the ED pathway were not identified from the L. plantarum K9 genome, we suggest that gluconeogenesis and the ED pathway are not performed in L. plantarum K9. Additionally, while some enzymes, related to fumarate and malate biosyntheses, involved in the TCA cycle were identified from L. plantarum K9, the enzymes associated with the remaining TCA cycle were absent, indicating that the TCA cycle cannot proceed. Meanwhile, based on our findings, we propose that the oxidative electron transport system performs class IIB-type (bd-type) electron transfer. In summary, we assert that L. plantarum K9 performs homolactic fermentation, executes gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and carries out energy metabolism through the class IIB-type oxidative electron transport system. Therefore, we suggest that L. plantarum K9 has relatively high lactic acid production, and that it has excellent antibacterial activity, as a result, compared to other lactic acid bacterial strains. Moreover, we speculate that L. plantarum K9 has an oxidative electron transport capability, indicating that it is highly resistant to oxygen and suggesting that it has fine cultivation characteristics, which collectively make it highly suitable for use as a probiotic.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1432-1440
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• 2012

Weissella confusa 31, an isolate from human feces, possesses desirable properties as a probiotic strain, including bile salt resistance. W. confusa 31 is not inhibited by bile salts up to 0.3% concentration. Proteins affected by bile salts (0.05%) were examined by 2-D gel electrophoresis. Our proteomic analyses revealed that the intensities of 29 spots were changed, where 17 increased (including 2 spots observed only under the bile salts stress conditions) and 12 decreased. Proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Proteins increased in the band intensities included adenylate kinase (12.75-fold increase), Clp-like ATP-dependent protease (11.91-fold), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (10.35-fold), and HSP 70 (5.07-fold). Some of the increased or decreased proteins are also known to be involved in other types of stress responses.