• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.83-104
• /
• 1981

Hemodialysis is essential treatment for the chronic renal failure patient's long-term cure and for the patient management before and after kidney transplantation. It sustains the endstage renal failure patient's life which didn't get well despite strict regimen and furthermore it becomes an essential treatment to maintain civil life. Bursing implementation in hemodialysis may affect the significant effect on patient's life. The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data to solve the hypotension problem encountable to patient and the blood loss problem affecting hemodialysis patient'a anemic states by incomplete rinsing of blood in coil through all process of hemodialysis. The subjects for this study were 44 patients treated hemodialysis 691 times in the hemodialysis unit, The .data was collected at Gang Nam 51. Mary's Hospital from January 1, 1981 to April 30, 1981 by using the direct observation method and the clinical laboratory test for laboratory data and body weight and was analysed by the use of analysis of Chi-square, t-test and anlysis of varience. The results obtained an follows; A. On clinical laboratory data and other data by dialysis Procedure. The average initial body weight was 2.37 ± 0.97kg, and average body weight after every dialysis was 2.33 ± 0.9kg. The subject's average hemoglobin was 7.05±1.93gm/dl and average hematocrit was 20.84± 3.82%. Average initial blood pressure was 174.03±23,75mmHg and after dialysis was 158.45±25.08mmHg. The subject's average blood ion due to blood sample for laboratory data was 32.78±13.49cc/ month. The subject's average blood replacement for blood complementation was 1.31 ±0.88 pint/ month for every patient. B. On the hypotensive state and the coping approaches occurrence rate of hypotension was 28.08%. It was 194 cases among 691 times. 1. In degrees of initial blood pressure, the most 36.6% was in the group of 150-179mmHg, and in degrees of hypotension during dialysis, the most 28.9% in the group of 40-50mmHg, especially if the initial blood pressure was under 180mmHg, 59.8% clinical symptoms appeared in the group of“above 20mmHg of hypotension”. If initial blood pressure was above 180mmHg, 34.2% of clinical symptoms were appeared in the group of“above 40mmHg of hypotension”. These tendencies showed the higher initial blood pressure and the stronger degree of hypotension, these results showed statistically singificant differences. (P=0.0000) 2. Of the occuring times of hypotension,“after 3 hrs”were 29.4%, the longer the dialyzing procedure, the stronger degree of hypotension ann these showed statistically significant differences. (P=0.0142). 3. Of the dispersion of symptoms observed, sweat and flush were 43.3%, and Yawning, and dizziness 37.6%. These were the important symptoms implying hypotension during hemodialysis accordingly. Strages of procedures in coping with hypotension were as follows ; 45.9% were recovered by reducing the blood flow rate from 200cc/min to 1 00cc/min, and by reducing venous pressure to 0-30mmHg. 33.51% were recovered by controling (adjusting) blood flow rate and by infusion of 300cc of 0,9% Normal saline. 4.1% were recovered by infusion of over 300cc of 0.9% normal saline. 3.6% by substituting Nor-epinephiine, 5.7% by substituting blood transfusion, and 7,2% by substituting Albumin were recovered. And the stronger the degree of symptoms observed in hypotention, the more the treatments required for recovery and these showed statistically significant differences (P=0.0000). C. On the effects of the changes of blood pressure and osmolality by albumin and hemofiltration. 1. Changes of blood pressure in the group which didn't required treatment in hypotension and the group required treatment, were averaged 21.5mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference in the latter was bigger than the former and these showed statistically significant difference (P=0.002). On the changes of osmolality, average mean were 12.65mOsm, and 17.57mOsm. So the difference was bigger in the latter than in the former but these not showed statistically significance (P=0.323). 2. Changes of blood pressure in the group infused albumin and in the group didn't required treatment in hypotension, were averaged 30mmHg and 21.5mmHg. So there was no significant differences and it showed no statistical significance (P=0.503). Changes of osmolality were averaged 5.63mOsm and 12.65mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these was no stitistical significance (P=0.287). Changes of blood pressure in the group infused Albumin and in the group required treatment in hypotension were averaged 30mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference was smaller in the former but there is no significant difference (P=0.061). Changes of osmolality were averaged 8.63mOsm, and 17.59mOsm. So the difference were smaller in the former but these not showed statistically significance (P=0.093). 3. Changes of blood pressure in the group iutplemented hemofiltration and in the Uoup didn't required treatment in hypotension were averaged 22mmHg and 21.5mmHg. So there was no significant differences and also these showed no statistical significance (P=0.320). Changes of osmolality were averaged 0.4mOsm and 12.65mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these not showed statistical significance（P=0.199). Changes of blood pressure in the group implemented hemofiltration and in the group required treatment in hypotension were averaged 22mmHg and 44.82mmHg. So the difference was smatter in the former and these showed statistically significant differences (P=0.035). Changes of osmolality were averaged 0.4mOsm and 17.59mOsm. So the difference was smaller in the former but these not showed statistical significance (P=0.086). D. On the changes of body weight, and blood pressure, between the group of hemofiltration and hemodialysis. 1, Changes of body weight in the group implemented hemofiltration and hemodialysis were averaged 3.340 and 3.320. So there was no significant differences and these showed no statistically significant difference, (P=0.185) but standard deviation of body weight averaged in comparison with standard difference of body weight was statistically significant difference (P=0.0000). Change of blood Pressure in the group implemented hemofiltration and hemodialysis were averaged 17.81mmHg and 19.47mmHg. So there was no significant differences and these showed no statistically significant difference (P=0.119), But in comparison with standard deviation about difference of blood pressure was statistically significant difference. (P=0.0000). E. On the blood infusion method in coil after hemodialysis and residual blood losing method in coil. 1, On comparing and analysing Hct of residual blood in coil by factors influencing blood infusion method. Infusion method of saline 200cc reduced residual blood in coil after the quantitative comparison of Saline Occ, 50cc, 100cc, 200cc and the differences showed statistical significance (p < 0.001). Shaking Coil method reduced residual blood in Coil in comparison of Shaking Coil method and Non-Shaking Coil method this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Adjusting pressure in Coil at OmmHg method reduced residual blood in Coil in comparison of adjusting pressure in Coil at OmmHg and 200mmHg, and this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). 2. Comparing blood infusion method divided into 10 methods in Coil with every factor respectively, there was seldom difference in group of choosing Saline 100cc infusion between Coil at OmmHg. The measured quantity of blood loss was averaged 13.49cc. Shaking Coil method in case of choosing saline 50cc infusion while adjusting pressure in coil at OmmHg was the most effective to reduce residual blood. The measured quantity of blood loss was averaged 15.18cc.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2015.05a
• /
• pp.45-46
• /
• 2015

Clubroot disease of crucifers has occurred since 1957. It has spread to the whole China, especially in the southwest and nourtheast where it causes 30-80% loss in some fields. The disease has being expanded in the recent years as seeds are imported and the floating seedling system practices. For its effective control, the Ministry of Agriculture of China set up a program in 2010 and a research team led by Dr. Yueqiu HE, Yunnan Agricultural University. The team includes 20 main reseachers of 11 universities and 5 institutions. After 5 years, the team has made a lot of progresses in disease occurrence regulation, resources collection, resistance identification and breeding, biological agent exploration, formulation, chemicals evaluation, and control strategy. About 1200 collections of local and commercial crucifers were identified in the field and by artificiall inoculation in the laboratories, 10 resistant cultivars were breeded including 7 Chinese cabbages and 3 cabbages. More than 800 antagostic strains were isolated including bacteria, stretomyces and fungi. Around 100 chemicals were evaluated in the field and greenhouse based on its control effect, among them, 6 showed high control effect, especially fluazinam and cyazofamid could control about 80% the disease. However, fluzinam has negative effect on soil microbes. Clubroot disease could not be controlled by bioagents and chemicals once when the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae infected its hosts and set up the parasitic relationship. We found the earlier the pathogent infected its host, the severer the disease was. Therefore, early control was the most effective. For Chinese cabbage, all controlling measures should be taken in the early 30 days because the new infection could not cause severe symptom after 30 days of seeding. For example, a biocontrol agent, Bacillus subtilis Strain XF-1 could control the disease 70%-85% averagely when it mixed with seedling substrate and was drenching 3 times after transplanting, i.e. immediately, 7 days, 14 days. XF-1 has been deeply researched in control mechanisms, its genome, and development and application of biocontrol formulate. It could produce antagonistic protein, enzyme, antibiotics and IAA, which promoted rhizogenesis and growth. Its The genome was sequenced by Illumina/Solexa Genome Analyzer to assembled into 20 scaffolds then the gaps between scaffolds were filled by long fragment PCR amplification to obtain complet genmone with 4,061,186 bp in size. The whole genome was found to have 43.8% GC, 108 tandem repeats with an average of 2.65 copies and 84 transposons. The CDSs were predicted as 3,853 in which 112 CDSs were predicted to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport and catabolism. Among those, five NRPS/PKS giant gene clusters being responsible for the biosynthesis of polyketide (pksABCDEFHJLMNRS in size 72.9 kb), surfactin(srfABCD, 26.148 kb, bacilysin(bacABCDE 5.903 kb), bacillibactin(dhbABCEF, 11.774 kb) and fengycin(ppsABCDE, 37.799 kb) have high homolgous to fuction confirmed biosynthesis gene in other strain. Moreover, there are many of key regulatory genes for secondary metabolites from XF-1, such as comABPQKX Z, degQ, sfp, yczE, degU, ycxABCD and ywfG. were also predicted. Therefore, XF-1 has potential of biosynthesis for secondary metabolites surfactin, fengycin, bacillibactin, bacilysin and Bacillaene. Thirty two compounds were detected from cell extracts of XF-1 by MALDI-TOF-MS, including one Macrolactin (m/z 441.06), two fusaricidin (m/z 850.493 and 968.515), one circulocin (m/z 852.509), nine surfactin (m/z 1044.656~1102.652), five iturin (m/z 1096.631~1150.57) and forty fengycin (m/z 1449.79~1543.805). The top three compositions types (contening 56.67% of total extract) are surfactin, iturin and fengycin, in which the most abundant is the surfactin type composition 30.37% of total extract and in second place is the fengycin with 23.28% content with rich diversity of chemical structure, and the smallest one is the iturin with 3.02% content. Moreover, the same main compositions were detected in Bacillus sp.355 which is also a good effects biocontol bacterial for controlling the clubroot of crucifer. Wherefore those compounds surfactin, iturin and fengycin maybe the main active compositions of XF-1 against P. brassicae. Twenty one fengycin type compounds were evaluate by LC-ESI-MS/MS with antifungal activities, including fengycin A $C_{16{\sim}C19}$, fengycin B $C_{14{\sim}C17}$, fengycin C $C_{15{\sim}C18}$, fengycin D $C_{15{\sim}C18}$ and fengycin S $C_{15{\sim}C18}$. Furthermore, one novel compound was identified as Dehydroxyfengycin $C_{17}$ according its MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, which molecular weight is 1488.8480 Da and formula $C_{75}H_{116}N_{12}O_{19}$. The fengycin type compounds (FTCPs $250{\mu}g/mL$) were used to treat the resting spores of P. brassicae ($10^7/mL$) by detecting leakage of the cytoplasm components and cell destruction. After 12 h treatment, the absorbencies at 260 nm (A260) and at 280 nm (A280) increased gradually to approaching the maximum of absorbance, accompanying the collapse of P. brassicae resting spores, and nearly no complete cells were observed at 24 h treatment. The results suggested that the cells could be lyzed by the FTCPs of XF-1, and the diversity of FTCPs was mainly attributed to a mechanism of clubroot disease biocontrol. In the five selected medium MOLP, PSA, LB, Landy and LD, the most suitable for growth of strain medium is MOLP, and the least for strains longevity is the Landy sucrose medium. However, the lipopeptide highest yield is in Landy sucrose medium. The lipopeptides in five medium were analyzed with HPLC, and the results showed that lipopeptides component were same, while their contents from B. subtilis XF-1 fermented in five medium were different. We found that it is the lipopeptides content but ingredients of XF-1 could be impacted by medium and lacking of nutrition seems promoting lipopeptides secretion from XF-1. The volatile components with inhibition fungal Cylindrocarpon spp. activity which were collect in sealed vesel were detected with metheds of HS-SPME-GC-MS in eight biocontrol Bacillus species and four positive mutant strains of XF-1 mutagenized with chemical mutagens, respectively. They have same main volatile components including pyrazine, aldehydes, oxazolidinone and sulfide which are composed of 91.62% in XF-1, in which, the most abundant is the pyrazine type composition with 47.03%, and in second place is the aldehydes with 23.84%, and the third place is oxazolidinone with 15.68%, and the smallest ones is the sulfide with 5.07%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.133-141
• /
• 2016

The physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities, and sensory optimization of taro (Colocasia esculenta) under different aging conditions were investigated to develop black taro. Black taro was processed in three steps (steaming: $95{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ for 1 h; aging: 85, 90, $95^{\circ}C$ for 20, 40, and 60 h; drying: $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 h) and ground into a powder for all experiments. Black taro showed an increased crude fiber content and browning index compared to raw taro. Calcium oxalate contents, reducing sugar contents, moisture contents, and lightness values were decreased during the processing of taro. Improvements in total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were observed in the black taro samples aged at higher temperature. Response surface methodology was used for sensory optimization, and the optimum aging conditions with the highest acceptance values were found to be $88.73^{\circ}C$ for 39.50 h for taste, and $88.82^{\circ}C$ for 42.60 h for overall acceptance.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to know the average of hip joint range of motion and difference according to the aging for the elderly. This study consisted of elder male(n=75) and elder female(n=109). The result of assessment and analysis in hip pint range of motion are as follows : 1) The average hip flexion(knee flexed) joint range of motion in 60-69(from sixty to sixty-nine)years old are $104.26^{\circ}$(Left-Male), $101.00^{\circ}$(Right-Male), $107.05^{\circ}$(Left-Female), $107.05^{\circ}$(Right-Female). 70-79years old are $104.59^{\circ}$(L-M), $102.05^{\circ}$(R-M), $105.73^{\circ}$(L-F), $108.75^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89years old are $101.53^{\circ}$(L-M), $101.13^{\circ}$(R-M), $96.83^{\circ}$(L-F), $97.67^{\circ}$(R-F). There was significant difference in hip flexion(knee flexed) among female group(p<.01). The average hip flexion(knee extended) joint range of motion in 60-69(from sixty to sixty-nine)years old are $73.13^{\circ}$(Left-Male), $72.04^{\circ}$(Right-Male), $77.29^{\circ}$(Left-Female), $75.97^{\circ}$(Right-Female). 70-79years old are $74.95^{\circ}$(L-M), $72.19^{\circ}$(R-M), $76.73^{\circ}$(L-F), $76.65^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89years old are $70.83^{\circ}$(L-M), $70.37^{\circ}$(R-M), $69.00^{\circ}$(L-F), $69.00^{\circ}$(R-F). There was significant difference in left hip flexion(knee extended) among female group(p<.05). 2) The average hip extension joint range of motion in 60-69years old are $13.09^{\circ}$(L-M), $12.78^{\circ}$(R-M), $10.97^{\circ}$(L-F), $10.68^{\circ}$(R-F). 70-79years old are $8.95^{\circ}$(L-M), $8.48^{\circ}$(R-M), $11.24^{\circ}$(L-F), $10.90^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89 years old are $8.40^{\circ}$(L-M), $8.23^{\circ}$(R-M), $7.33^{\circ}$(L-F), $7.33^{\circ}$(R-F). There was significant difference in left(p<.01) and right(p<.05) hip extension among male group(p<.05). 3) The average hip abduction joint range of motion in 60-69 years old are $33.04^{\circ}$(L-M), $33.17^{\circ}$(R-M), $33.16^{\circ}$(L-F), $33.37^{\circ}$(R-F). 70-79 years old are $31.00^{\circ}$(L-M), $30.05^{\circ}$(R-M), $32.44^{\circ}$(L-F), $32.68^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89 years old are $29.07^{\circ}$(L-M), $27.90^{\circ}$(R-M), $28.17^{\circ}$(L-F), $28.67^{\circ}$(R-F). There was no significant difference among group. 4) The average hip adduction pint range, of motion in 60-69years old are $29.57^{\circ}$(L-M), $29.35^{\circ}$(R-M), $31.87^{\circ}$(L-F), $31.89^{\circ}$(R-F). 70-79, years old are $27.41^{\circ}$(L-M), 27.00(R-M) $30.85^{\circ}$(L-F), $31.28^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89 years old are $26.87^{\circ}$(L-M), $26.63^{\circ}$(R-M), $24.67^{\circ}$(L-F), $24.83^{\circ}$(R-F). There was significant difference in hip abduction among female group(p<01). 5) The average hip external rotation pint range of motion in 60-69years old are $32.26^{\circ}$(L-M), $31.17^{\circ}$(R-M), $33.53^{\circ}$(L-F), $34.42^{\circ}$(R-F). 70-79 years old are $31.64^{\circ}$(L-M), $28.62^{\circ}$(R-M) $31.29^{\circ}$(L-F), $31.45^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89 years old are $26.40^{\circ}$(L-M), $26.07^{\circ}$(R-M), $24.77^{\circ}$(L-F), $24.27^{\circ}$(R-F). There was significant difference in left(male, female p<.01) and right(female p<.0l) hip external rotation among group. 6) The average hip internal rotation joint range of motion in 60-69years old are $30.30^{\circ}$(L-M), $28.13^{\circ}$(R-M), $34.27^{\circ}$(L-F), $36.03^{\circ}$(R-F). 70-79years old are $31.24^{\circ}$(L-M), $29.57^{\circ}$(R-M), $28.51^{\circ}$(L-F), $29.10^{\circ}$(R-F). 80-89 years old are $24.63^{\circ}$(L-M), $24.40^{\circ}$(R-M), $24.27^{\circ}$(L-F), $24.27^{\circ}$(R-F). There was significant difference in left(male p<.05, female p<.01) and right(female p<.01) hip internal rotation among group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.24 no.3 s.35
• /
• pp.441-458
• /
• 1991

The objective of this study was to provide basic reference data for stabilization scheme of medical insurance benefits through forecasting of the medical care utilization rate, the medical expence per case, and the treatment days per case in medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers and for industrial workers. For the achievement of above objective, this study was carried out by Box-Jenkins time series analysis (ARIMA Model), using monthly statistical data from Jan. 1979 to Dec. 1989, of medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers and for industrial workers. The results are as follows ; ARIMA model of the medical care utilization rate in medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers was ARIMA (1, 1, 1) and it for outpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers was ARIMA (1, 1, 1), while it for inpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers was ARIMA (1, 0, 1). ARIMA model of the medical expense per case in medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers and for outpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers were ARIMA (1, 1, 0), while it for inpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers was ARIMA (1, 0, 1). ARIMA model of the treatment days per case of both medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers and industrial workers were ARIMA (1, 1, 1). Forecasting value of the medical care utilzation rate for inpatient in medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers was 0.0061 at dec. 1989, 0.0066 at dec. 1994 and it for outpatient was 0.280 at dec. 1989, 0.294 at dec. 1994, while it for inpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers was 0.0052 at dec. 1989, 0.0056 at dec. 1994 and it for outpatient was 0.203 at dec. 1989, 0.215 at 1994. Forecasting value of the medical expense per case for inpatient in medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers was 332,751 at dec. 1989, 354,511 at dec. 1994 and it for outpatient was 11,925 at dec. 1989, 12,904 at dec. 1994, while it for inpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers was 281,835 at dec. 1989, 293,973 at dec. 1994 and it for outpatient was 11,599 at dec. 1989, 11,585 at 1994. Forecasting value of the treatment days per case for inpatient in medical insurance program for government employees & private school teachers was 13.79 at dec. 1989,13.85 at an. 1994 and in for outpatient was 5.03 at dec. 1989, 5.00 at dec. 1994, while it for inpatient in medical insurance program for industrial workers was 12.23 at dec. 1989, 12.85 at dec. 1994 and it for outpatient was 4.61 at dec. 1989, 4.60 at 1994.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.336-349
• /
• 1986

This study was conducted to examine the plant succession on the improved pasture of the mountain districts around Mt. Halla in Cheju Island. For this study, the researcher had investigated for ten years the improved pasture which had been used for grazing from 1976 to 1985. The pasture was reclaimed from native grassland. The mixed seeds of 17kgs' Dactylis glomerata, 7kgs' Festuca arundinacea, 2kgs' Lolium multiflorum and 2kgs' Trifolium repens were sowed per ha. The results of this study are the followings; The annual changes in the number of plant species were observed. 37 weed species were found in 1976 and increased year after year to 151 species in 1985. The changes in the distribution of annual and perennial plant, and one species of arbor were found in 1976 and increased respectively year by year to 56 species (annual plant), 95 species (perennial plant) and 9 species (arbor) in 1985. The average plant height of introduced grasses by year increased from 38.05cm (1976) to 47.30cm (1978) and decreased from 40.50cm (1979) to 10.36cm in 1985 (y =-0.501x$^2$+1.609x + 41.946). While the average plant height of invading weeds increased from 26.61cm to 42.84cm (y=-0.80$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570) between 1976 and 1985. The density of introduced grasses was 70.90% in 1976 and was reduced to 0.49% in 1985 (y =-0.501$\chi$$^2$+1.609$\chi$+41.946); while that of introduing weeds was 29.10% in 1976 and was increased to 99.51% in 1985 (y=-0.080$\chi$$^2$＋2.540$\chi$＋27.570). The coverage of introduced grasses by year increased gradually from 72.8% (1976) to 74.86% (1978) and decreased from 43.01% (1979) to 1.21% in 1986 while that of intruding weeds developed a tendency to increase every year. Their coverage in 1976 was 22.09% and increased to 98.78% in 1985. The weight of introduced grasses by year increased from 2,808kg (1976) to 3,535kg (1978) per l0a and after 1979 decreased gradually from 2,326kg (1978) to 35kg per l0a in 1985. That of intruding weeds increased yearly from 308kg in 1976 to 3,178kg in 1985. The type of annual vegetation were changed as follows; Year Type 1976-1978 Dactylis glomerata / Trifolium repens type 1979 Trifolium repens / Imperata cylindrica type 1980-1982 Imperata cylindrica / Zoysia Japonica type 1983 Imperata cylindrica / Pteridium aquilinum type 1984-1985 Imperata cylindrica / Miscanthus sinensis type The plants whose plant height, coverage, density, and weight increased year after year were Imperate cylind-rica, Zoysia japonica, Pteridium equilinum, Miscanthus sinensis, Cirsium japonicum, Erigeron canadensis, Artemisia japonica, Lespedeza cuneata, Spondiopogon cotuUfer. Cymbopogon tortilis, Plantago asiatica, Rumex acetosella, etc. The vegetation of Digitaria sanguinalis, Hydrocotyl japonica, Artemisia asiatica, etc. was com-paratively remarkable in the beginning.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2009

Purpose: ISCD (International Society for Clinical Densitometry) requests that users perform mandatory Precision test to raise their quality even though there is no recommendation about patient selection for the test. Thus, we investigated the effect on precision test by measuring reproducibility of 3 bone density groups (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). Materials and Methods: 4 users performed precision test with 420 patients (age: $57.8{\pm}9.02$) for BMD in Asan Medical Center (JAN-2008 ~ JUN-2008). In first group (A), 4 users selected 30 patient respectively regardless of bone density condition and measured 2 part (L-spine, femur) in twice. In second group (B), 4 users measured bone density of 10 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users but dividing patient into 3 stages (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). In third group (C), 2 users measured 30 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users considering bone density condition. We used GE Lunar Prodigy Advance (Encore. V11.4) and analyzed the result by comparing %CV to LSC using precision tool from ISCD. Check back was done using SPSS. Results: In group A, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.16, 1.01, 1.19, 0.65 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.69, 0.58, 0.97, 0.47 g/$cm^2$ in femur. In group B, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.01, 1.19, 0.83, 1.37 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 1.03, 0.54, 0.69, 0.58 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When comparing results (group A, B), we found no considerable differences. In group C, the user_1's %CV of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis were 1.26, 0.94, 0.94 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.94, 0.79, 1.01 g/$cm^2$ in femur. And the user_2's %CV were 0.97, 0.83, 0.72 g/$cm^2$ L-spine and 0.65, 0.65, 1.05 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When analyzing the result, we figured out that the difference of reproducibility was almost not found but the differences of two users' several result values have effect on total reproducibility. Conclusions: Precision test is a important factor of bone density follow up. When Machine and user's reproducibility is getting better, it’s useful in clinics because of low range of deviation. Users have to check machine's reproducibility before the test and keep the same mind doing BMD test for patient. In precision test, the difference of measured value is usually found for ROI change caused by patient position. In case of osteoporosis patient, there is difficult to make initial ROI accurately more than normal and osteopenia patient due to lack of bone recognition even though ROI is made automatically by computer software. However, initial ROI is very important and users have to make coherent ROI because we use ROI Copy function in a follow up. In this study, we performed precision test considering bone density condition and found LSC value was stayed within 3%. There was no considerable difference. Thus, patient selection could be done regardless of bone density condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.206-213
• /
• 2004

As far as an opening device of fishing gears is concerned, applications of a kite are under development around the world. The typical examples are found in the opening device of the stow net on anchor and the buoyancy material of the trawl. While the stow net on anchor has proved its capability for the past 20 years, the trawl has not been wildly used since it has been first introduced for the commercial use only without sufficient studies and thus has revealed many drawbacks. Therefore, the fundamental hydrodynamics of the kite itself need to ne studied further. Models of plate and canvas kite were deployed in the circulating water tank for the mechanical test. For this situation lift and drag tests were performed considering a change in the shape of objects, which resulted in a different aspect ratio of rectangle and trapezoid. The results obtained from the above approaches are summarized as follows, where aspect ratio, attack angle, lift coefficient and maximum lift coefficient are denoted as A, B, $C_L$ and $C_{Lmax}$ respectively : 1. Given the triangular plate, $C_{Lmax}$ was produced as 1.26${\sim}$1.32 with A${\leq}$1 and 38$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$42$^{\circ}$. And when A${\geq}$1.5 and 20$^{\circ}$${\leq}$B${\leq}$50$^{\circ}$, $C_L$ was around 0.85. Given the inverted triangular plate, $C_{Lmax}$ was 1.46${\sim}$1.56 with A${\leq}$1 and 36$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$38$^{\circ}$. And When A${\geq}$1.5 and 22$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$26$^{\circ}$, $C_{Lmax}$ was 1.05${\sim}$1.21. Given the triangular kite, $C_{Lmax}$ was produced as 1.67${\sim}$1.77 with A${\leq}$1 and 46$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$48$^{\circ}$. And when A${\geq}$1.5 and 20$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$50$^{\circ}$, $C_L$ was around 1.10. Given the inverted triangular kite, $C_{Lmax}$ was 1.44${\sim}$1.68 with A${\leq}$1 and 28$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$32$^{\circ}$. And when A${\geq}$1.5 and 18$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$24$^{\circ}$, $C_{Lmax}$ was 1.03${\sim}$1.18. 2. For a model with A=1/2, an increase in B caused an increase in $C_L$ until $C_L$ has reached the maximum. Then there was a tendency of a very gradual decrease or no change in the value of $C_L$. For a model with A=2/3, the tendency of $C_L$ was similar to the case of a model with A=1/2. For a model with A=1, an increase in B caused an increase in $C_L$ until $C_L$ has reached the maximum. And the tendency of $C_L$ didn't change dramatically. For a model with A=1.5, the tendency of $C_L$ as a function of B was changed very small as 0.75${\sim}$1.22 with 20$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$50$^{\circ}$. For a model with A=2, the tendency of $C_L$ as a function of B was almost the same in the triangular model. There was no considerable change in the models with 20$^{\circ}$B${\leq}$50$^{\circ}$. 3. The inverted model's $C_L$ as a function of increase of B reached the maximum rapidly, then decreased gradually compared to the non-inverted models. Others were decreased dramatically. 4. The action point of dynamic pressure in accordance with the attack angle was close to the rear area of the model with small attack angle, and with large attack angle, the action point was close to the front part of the model. 5. There was camber vertex in the position in which the fluid pressure was generated, and the triangular canvas had large value of camber vertex when the aspect ratio was high, while the inverted triangular canvas was versa. 6. All canvas kite had larger camber ratio when the aspect ratio was high, and the triangular canvas had larger one when the attack angle was high, while the inverted triangluar canvas was versa.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.353-360
• /
• 2015

Yakju, a Korean traditional alcoholic beverage, is made from rice and Nuruk. In this study, the fermentation characteristics of Yakju was investigated using rice and rice starch. Ingredients was classified into raw material (rice, rice starch) and starter (enzyme supplements, modified Nuruk, traditional Nuruk, and yellow rice koji) for fermentation. The crude protein content of rice, rice starch, and starter were determined as follows (%): rice 6.69, rice starch 0.44, enzyme supplements 7.84, modified Nuruk 15.29, traditional Nuruk 14.28, and yellow rice koji 7.28. The alcohol content of rice with traditional Nuruk ($20.13{\pm}0.12%$) was higher than other Yakju. The concentration of organic acids of rice starch-based Yakju (389.83~538.34 mg%) was higher than that of rice Yakju (259.27~357.70 mg%). The concentration of nitrogen compound of rice Yakju (498.38~5976.93 ppm) was higher than that of rice starch-based Yakju (600.43~4463.79 ppm). In line with these findings, further studies will be necessary for the quality analysis of the rice, rice starch and fermented starter (enzyme supplements, modified Nuruk, traditional Nuruk and yellow rice koji).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.8
• /
• pp.1118-1133
• /
• 2012

This research aimed to suggest an efficient improvement plan for school food services by investigating the operating situation and recognition of menu management in school food services for school food service dietitians (and nutrition teachers) in Chungbuk. A total of 328 questionnaires were distributed to school food service dietitians (and nutrition teachers) in Chungbuk by e-mail in September, 2010. A total of 265 questionnaires (80.8%) were used for the analysis. The highest allocation of nutrients and calories per day in school food services was 1:1.5:1.5 (breakfast : lunch : dinner) (38.5%). The reasoning for applying a flexible allocation of nutrients and calories per day was 'considering the ratio of students who do not eat breakfast' (59.2%). And the way to apply the flexible allocation for nutrients and calories per day was 'by agreement from the school operating committee in arbitrary data without situation surveys' (86 respondents, 49.4%), and 'by agreement from the school operating committee in analysis data through situation surveys' (80 respondents, 46.0%). The operational method of standardized recipes was 'cooking management site of national education information systems' (87.5%) and the items included in standardized recipes were menu name, food material name, portion size, cooking method, nutrition analysis, and critical control point in HACCP. The main reason for not utilizing all items of a cooking management site of the national education information system was 'no big trouble in menu management even though it is used partly (29.1%). In addition, the highest use of standardized recipe was for 'maintaining consistency of food production quantity' (74.0%).