• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2005

Purpose: The studied the effect of such variables as the symptom improvement rate, survival and prognostic factors on the treatment results of radiation therapy for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS). Materials and Methods: From 1988 to 2003, seventy two patients with SVCS were treated with radiation therapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. The patients' ages ranged from 10 to 83 years old with the median age being 61, and sixty four patients were male. For the causes of the SVCS, 64 patients had lung cancer, four had metastatic lung cancer, two had malignant lymphoma and two had thymoma. The radiotherapy was delivered with 6-MV X-rays and all patients received above 900 cGy up to 6,600 cGy, with the median dose being 4,000 cGy The follow-up periods were from 1 to 180 months with a median of 5.6 months. Results: The main clinical manifestations were dyspnea ($84.7\%$), facial edema ($81.9\%$), arm edema ($22.2\%$), neck vein distension ($25\%$), hoarseness ($12.5\%$) and facial plethora ($5.6\%$). Eighty percent of patients achieved excellent to good symptom improvement and $19.4\%$ experienced minimal improvement. The median survival period was 5.1 months, and overall survival rates were $17.7\%$ at 2 years (2YOS) and $14.8\%$ at five years (5YOS) for all the patients. The median survival period, the two and five year disease free survival rates were 4.3 months, $16.7\%$ and $13.4\%$ for the lung cancer patients, respectively. The total tumor dose was a statistically significant survival factor on the univariate analysis for the patients with lung cancer (2YSR; > 30 Gy, $25.6\%$, $\leq$ 30 Gy $6.7\%$, p<0.01). On the multivariated analysis, a higher total tumor dose (p<0.01) and younger age (p<0.05) were statistically significant factors of survival for the lung cancer patients. Patients with NSCLC showed better survival than did the patients with SCLC, but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), Conclusion: Radiation therapy for the patients with SVCS due to malignancy could be an effective treatment. We considered that radiation therapy above 30 Gy of the total tumor dose may improve survival for SVCS due to lung cancer.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.699-712
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a new Adaptive Search Range (ASR) decision algorithm for accelerating GPU-based Integer-pel Motion Estimation (IME) of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). For deciding the ASR, we classify a frame into two models using Motion Vector Differences (MVDs) then adaptively decide the search ranges of each model. In order to apply the proposed algorithm to the GPU-based ME process, starting points of the ME are decided using only temporal Motion Vectors (MVs). The CPU decides the ASR as well as the starting points and transfers them to the GPU. Then, the GPU performs the integer-pel ME. The proposed algorithm reduces the total encoding time by 37.9% with BD-rate increase of 1.1% and yields 951.2 times faster ME against the CPU-based anchor. In addition, the proposed algorithm achieves the time reduction of 57.5% in the ME running time with the negligible coding loss of 0.6%, compared with the simple GPU-based ME without ASR decision.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

Transgenic lily plants have been obtained after particle bombardment, using PDS-1000/He system and scale explants of lilies, followed by PPT (D-L-phosphinothricin) selection. In this study, scales of the lily plants cv. 'red flame' were bombarded with a plasmid containing the bar gene as a selectable marker, and the AtSIZ gene as a gene of interest, showing salt tolerance and drought tolerance respectively, and both being driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. For optimization of a protocol, factors which optimized and showed a high transformation efficiency under following conditions, were considered: a bombardment pressure of 1100 psi, a target distance of 6 cm and $1.0{\mu}m$ of gold particle, and 24-h pre-culture and post-culture on MS medium containing 0.2 M sorbitol and 0.2 M mannitol as osmoticum agents. After bombardment, all the bombarded scales of lily were transferred to MS medium without selective agents, for a week. Subsequently, these bombarded scales were transferred to a selection MS medium containing 10 mg/l PPT, and incubated for a month for further selection, after which they were cultured for another 4-8 weeks with a 4-week subculture regime on the same selection medium. After transferring into hormone-free MS medium, the PPT-resistant scales with shoots were successfully rooted and regenerated into plantlets. PCR analysis revealed that the surviving putatively transformed plantlets indicated the presence of both the bar gene and the AtSIZ gene. In conclusion, when 100 scales of lily cv. Red flame are bombarded, this study produced approximately 17-18 transgenic plantlets with an optimized bombardment protocol. The protocol described here can contribute to the breeding program of lilies.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1998

We have reported previously that intact embryogenic cells can be used instead of protoplasts for electroporation-mediated transformation of zoysiagrass and rice. In this study, conditions of the tissue electroporation were examined to optimize the procedures. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established in liquid MS medium containing 2 mg/L of 2,4-D with embryogenic calluses induced from mature embryos of Z. japonica. The suspension-cultured cell clumps were electroporated with 35S-gusA expression vector DNA, and degrees of DNA introduction into the cells were determined by histological expression rates of the gusA marker gene. DNA transfer into the cell clumps occurred in wide range of voltage (100-400 V) and capacitance (10-1980 $\mu\textrm{F}$), but more in the ranges of 200-300 V and 330-800 $\mu\textrm{F}$ DNA concentrations higher than 6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL were adequate for GUS expression of the electroporated cells. DNA transfers were confirmed in all three embryogenic cell lines but only in one out of eleven non-embryogenic lines. Positive GUS expressions occurred with DNAs added even 20-40 h after pulse treatments. As a promoter of gusA, Act1 and Ubi1 were effective 7 and 5 times than 35S respectively in number of GUS expression units on electroporated cell clumps. Embryogenic cell clumps survived and regenerated into plantlets after pulse treatments of wide range of conditions.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 1992

It is ideal thing to compensate tissue deficit without skin contamination in curvatured irradiation field of high energy photon beam. The 3-dimensional compensating technique utilizing tissue equivalent materials to ensure an adequate dose distribution and skin sparing effect was described. This compensator was made of paraffin ($70\%$) and stearin wax ($30\%$) compound. The parameters for evaluation of the effect on skin dose in application of compensator were considered in the size of the field, the thickness of the compensator and the source-to-axis distance. The results are as follows; the skin doses were not changed even though application of the compensator, but depended on the field size and the source-to-axis distance, and the skin doses were only slightly changed within $1\%$ relative errors as increasing the thickness of the compensator in these experiments.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 2011

Rice is the most important crop as a model plant for functional genomics of monocotyledons. Rice is usually transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. However, the transformation efficiency using previous method is still low. In this study, we established a new method by modifying the general Agrobacterium protocol especially in the inoculation and co-cultivation step. We directly inoculated Agrobacterium containing a CIPK15 gene under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and NOS terminator in the pCAM1300 vector into the pre-soaked seeds in N6D media for 24 hours. After 7 days of culture at $25^{\circ}C$, calli were formed on seeds cultured on the co-cultivation medium containing an antioxidant compound (1 mM dithiothreitol) and of Agrobacterium growth-inhibiting agent (3 mg/L silver nitrate). We obtained 35 and 22 transgenic plants in rice cultivars, Gopumbyeo and Ilpumbyeo, with increase of transformation efficiency by 30.4% and 22.6%, respectively compared to the general transformation method. The new method in this study would lead to reduction of substantial labor and time to generate transgenic plants.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

The region, near the edge of a radiation beam, where the dose changes rapidly according to the distance from the beam axis is known as the penumbra. There is a sharp dose gradient zone even in megavoltage photon beams due to source size, collimator, lead alloy block, other accessories, and internal scatter ray. We investigate dosimetric characteristics on penumbra regions of a standard collimator and compare to those of theoritical model for the optimal use of the system in radiotherapy. Peripheral dose distribution of 6 W Photon beams represents penumbral forming function as the depth. Also we have discussed that the peripheral dose distribution of clinical photon beams, differences between calculation dose use of emperical penumbral forming function and measurements in penumbral region. Predictions by emperical penumbral forming functions are compared with measurements in 3-dimensional water phantom and it is shown that the method is capable of reproduceing the measured peripheral dose values usually to within the statistical uncertainties of the data. The semiconductor detector and ion chamber were positioned at a dmax depth, 5cm depth, 10cm depth, and its specific ratio was determined using a scanning data. The effective penumbra, the distance from 80% to 20% isodose lines were analyzed as a function of the distance. The extent of penumbra will also expand with depth increase. Difference of measurement value and model functions value according to character of the detector show small error in dose distribution of the peripheral dose.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.109-112
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• 2001

An activated carbon paste electrode was modified with the N-Hydroxysuccinimide(NHS) layer and applied to determine the dopamine in the presence of an excess ascorbic acid using square-wave voltammetry. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrode were examined in the solution containing dopamine/ascorbic acid using cyclic voltammetry(CV): the separation between the oxidation peaks of dopamine and ascorbic acid was largely dependent on the pH of the sample solution and became maximum at pH 4.0. Hence, the square-wave voltammetric determination of dopamine was carried out in a pH 4.0, 100mM phosphate buffer saline(PBS) containing 140mM NaCl. The detection limit and response slop were improved from $1.0{\mu}M\;to\;5.0\times10^{-2}{\mu}M\;and\;from\;0.93{\mu}A/{\mu}M\;to\;6.1{\mu}A/{\mu}M$, respectively, upon modification of the electrode surface by NHS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.67-85
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• 2018

Vehicle platooning through wireless communication and automated driving technology has become realized. Platooning is a technique in which several vehicles travel at regular intervals while maintaining a minimum safety distance. Truck platooning is of keen interest because it contributes to preventing truck crashes and reducing vehicle emissions, in addition to the increase in truck flow capacity. However, it should be noted that interactions between vehicle platoons and adjacent manually-driven vehicles (MV) significantly give an impact on the performance of traffic flow. In particular, when vehicles entering from on-ramp attempt to merge into the mainstream of freeway, proper interactions by adjusting platoon size and inter-platoon spacing are required to maximize traffic performance. This study developed a methodology for establishing operational strategies for truck platoonings on freeway on-ramp areas. Average speed and conflict rate were used as measure of effectiveness (MOE) to evaluate operational efficiency and safety. Microscopic traffic simulation experiments using VISSIM were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various platooning scenarios. A decision making process for selecting better platoon operations to satisfy operations and safety requirements was proposed. It was revealed that a platoon operating scenario with 50m inter-platoon spacing and the platoon consisting of 6 vehicles outperformed other scenarios. The proposed methodology would effectively support the realization of novel traffic management concepts in the era of automated driving environments.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-62
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• 2001

Objectives: We report an interim result of conformal radiotherapy in a patient with early stage cancer at the base of the tongue, which developed in a previously irradiated area. Materials and Methods: A 64-year-old male patient was diagnosed with T4N0M0 supraglottic cancer. He received 72Gy of radiation therapy from 21 November 1988 to 24 February 1989. He had local failure and underwent a salvage total laryngectomy on 28 August 1989. Subsequently, he did well. In early 1999, he suffered from throat pain. He had a 2.5cm ulcerative mass at the base of his tongue, in the area that had been irradiated previously. Biopsy showed squamous cell carcinoma. After workup, he was diagnosed with base of tongue cancer with T2N0M0. Surgery was not feasible because the morbidity was not acceptable. Since it was difficult to re-irradiate the area with a curable dose using conventional 2D radiation therapy with an acceptable morbidity, we decided to try conformal radiotherapy. We used 7 static beam ports with field sizes from $7x6.4\;to\;8x8cm^2$, using 6 and 10MV photons. The fractionation regimen was 1.8Gy, 5 times per week. He received 64.8Gy in 36 fractions from 9 April 1999 to 1 June 1999. Results: In the 21 months since radiotherapy, the patient has not experienced any acute or chronic complications, such as xerostomia. He experienced relief of pain shortly after the start of radiotherapy, showed a complete response, and is still doing well. Conclusion: Conformal radiotherapy can be used to treat cancer that develops within a previously irradiated field, with curative intent.