• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2001

Background: A previous study has shown that Euonymus alatus (EA) has an antidotic activities against inflammation, suggesting possibility that EA can exert this beneficial effects to liver injury by an initial protection against drug-induced hepatocyte demage. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of EA-extract on experimentally induced hepatitis in ICR mice and to investigate some mechanisms responsible for its action. Methods: Water EA extract was used in this experiments. The mice received i.p. a dose of 700 mg/kg galactosamine (GalN) together with $5{\mu}g/kg$ of endotoxin (LPS), or received i.v. 12 mg/kg of concanavalin A (Con A). EA (4 mg/mouse) was administrated on day -2, -1 and 0 before induction of liver injury. Liver injury was assessed by measurement of serum alanin amino-transferase (SGPT) levels on 9 hr after GaIN.LPS, or 8 hr after con A administration. Results: Treatment with either GaIN or LPS alone did not cause hepatitis. However, simultaneous administration of GalN and LPS to mice resulted in LPS-dose dependent fulminant hepatitis. GaLN/LPS-induced liver injury was reduced when mice were given EA for 3 days before induction. This preventive effect of Ea was more prominent when EA was given by intraperitoneal route rather then by oral route. Pretreatment of EA or dexamethasone inhibited significantly $TNF{\alpha}$ production in GalL/LPS-injured mice. However, EA-treatment did not influence $TNF{\alpha}$-induced hepatitis in GalN-sensitized mice, suggesting that $TNF{\alpha}$ is likely to act as one of final mediators of endotoxin action and the protective effect of EA might be manifested chiefly by inhibition of endotoxin-induced $TNF{\alpha}$ production, not by blocking the $TNF{\alpha}$-action. Injection of Con A into mice evoked remarkable liver injury in a dose dependent fashion. This liver damage was reduced by EA-pretreatment. Dexamethasone significantly reduced both GalL/LPS-induced and Con A-induced liver damages, showing synergism with EA. However, indomethacin reduced only GalN/ LPS-induced hepatitis, not for Con A-induced hepatitis. Conclusion: These results led to the conclusion that EA may be able to contribute at least in part to prevent the drug-induced hepatotoxicity, and that its anti-hepatitis effects might be manifested directly by modulation of endogenous mediators, such as leukotriese D4, $TNF{\alpha}$ and free radical, and indirectly by regulation of immune mediated responses. Also these results suggested that EA could be developed as a potential antidotic agent.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is originally identified as the regulator of the photomorphogenic development in plant, is highly conserved protein complex in diverse eukaryotic organisms. Most eukaryotic CSN complex is composed of 8 subunits, which is structurally and functionally similar to the lid subunit of 26S proteasome and eIF3 translation initiation complex. CSN play important functions in the regulation of cell cycle and checkpoint response by controlling Cullin-Ring E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRL) activities. CSN exhibits an isopeptidase activity which cleaves the neddylated moiety of cullin components. In fission yeast, S-phase cell cycle progression was delayed and the sensitivity to g-ray or UV was increased in CSN1 and CSN2 deletion mutants, indicating that yeast CSN is also involved in the checkpoint regulation. CSN in fungal system more closely resembles that of the higher organisms in the structure and assembly of their components. Functionally, CSN is associated with the regulation of conidiation rhythms in Neurospora crassa and the sexual development in Aspsergillus nidulans. Recent studies also revealed that CSN functions as an essential cell cycle regulator, playing key roles in the regulation of DNA replication and DNA damage response in Aspergillus. Overall, CSN of microorganisms, such as fission yeast and fungi, share functionally common aspects with higher organisms, implying that they can be useful tools to study the role of CSN in the CRL-mediated diverse cellular activities.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1565-1569
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• 2008

지난 수십 년 동안, 아시아 태평양 지역 각국은 수자원 접근성 및 인프라의 확충을 포함한 물관리의 다양한 측면에서 현저히 발전하였다고 평가되고 있다. 그러나 급속한 인구 증가 및 경제 성장, 도시화, 기존 수자원의 고갈 등은 아태 지역의 물 수요가 여전히 충족시키지 못하는 원인이다. 또한 기후변화로 인한 환경적 변화를 고려하여 모든 수자원정책의 입안 및 계획이 이루어져야 한다. 경제적 성장률은 전반적으로 높았지만 빈곤 문제는 역시 도시나 농촌을 구분할 것 없이 만성적인 문제로 남아 있으며, 아태 지역 개도국 인구의 16%가 영양실조 상태이며, 2015년까지 그 수를 반감하자는 밀레니엄 개발목표(Millenium Development Goals, MDGs) 달성은 아직 갈 길이 멀다. 또한 아태 지역은 물 관련 재해에 대해 전 세계에서 가장 취약한 지역이며 그로 인한 지속가능한 발전이 지체되고 있다. 1960년부터 2006년까지 물 관련 재해로 인한 전 세계 사상자의 80%에 달하는 60만 명의 사상이 아태 지역에서 발생하였으며, 80억 달러의 경제적 손실이 있었다. 홍수, 가뭄, 쓰나미, 폭풍, 해일 등으로 인한 사회경제적 피해는 최근 들어 더욱 확산되고 있다. 지난 10년간의 급속한 인구 증가로 많은 인구가 범람지대 및 기타 재해 취약 지역에 거주하게 되었으며, 이는 물 인프라 확충을 위한 많은 투자를 요하고 있다. 2006년 3월 멕시코에서 개최된 제4차 세계물포럼의 지역별 추진과정에서 아태 지역은 생태계, 인구, 정치적 제도 및 사회경제적 환경 등 각국의 다양성이 이와 같은 공통된 물문제 해결에 기반이 될 수 있는 요소임에 공감하고 지속적인 수자원 확보와 올바른 수자원관리에 공동의 노력을 기울여 효율적인 메커니즘을 구성을 통해 아태 지역의 사회경제적 발전을 촉구하기로 하였다. 이에 아시아 태평양 물포럼(Asia-Pacific Water Forum)이라는 새로운 이니셔티브가 구성되었고 물 관련 재원 조달 및 인프라 확보를 통해 국경을 초월하는 협력을 증진하고 재해 관리와 조화로운 수자원 개발과 생태 보호등을 위한 일관된 수자원정책 수립과 프로그램 개발 등을 목표로 설정하여 활동을 시작하였다. 아시아 태평양 물정상회의(이하 아태 물정상회의, Asia-Pacific Water Summit(APWS))는 이러한 목표 달성을 구체화하기 위해 각국의 지도자 및 정책입안자에 밀레니엄 개발목표(MDGs) 달성을 위해 물 문제가 얼마나 중요한지 부각시키고 실질적인 정책 결정에 기여하기 위해 제안되었다. 제1차 아태 물정상회의가 2007년 12월 3-4일 양일에 걸쳐 일본 벳부에서 개최되었고, 2008년 G8 정상회담이나 2009년 제5차 세계물포럼에 직접적으로 연계되어 지역 협력을 주도한 가운데 아태 지역 뿐 아니라 전 지구적으로 인류 및 사회 발전을 위한 이정표로 새로운 수자원 네트워크 발돋움의 계기가 되었다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2005

Background: Little information is available on the identification and characterization of the upstream regulators of the signal transduction cascades for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tbc)-induced ERK 1/2 activation and chemokine expression. We investigated the signaling mechanisms involved in expression of CCL3 /MIP-1 and CCL4/MIP-1 in human primary monocytes infected with M. tbc. Methods: MAP kinase phosphorylation was determined using western blot analysis with specific primary antibodies (ERK 1/2, and phospho-ERK1/2), and the upstream signaling pathways were further investigated using specific inhibitors. Results: An avirulent strain, M. tbc H37Ra, induced greater and more sustained ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, and higher CCL3 and CCL4 production, than did M. tbc H37Rv. Specific inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK; U0126 and PD98059) significantly inhibited the expression of CCL3 and CCL4 in human monocytes. Mycobactetia-mediated expression of CCL3 and CCL4 was not inhibited by the Ras inhibitor manumycin A or the Raf-1 inhibitor GW 5074. On the other hand, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (U73122) and protein kinase C (PKC)specific inhibitors ($G\ddot{o}6976$ and Ro31-8220) significantly reduced M. tbc-induced activation of ERK 1/2 and chemokine synthesis. Conclusion: These results are the first to demonstrate that the PLC-PKC-MEK-ERK, not the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, pathway is the major signaling pathway inducing M. tbc-mediated CCL3 and CCL4 expression in human primary monocytes.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2003

Objective: The role of prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2) in the etiopathogenesis of immune and inflammatory diseases has become the subject of recent debate. To determine the role of PGE2 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we tested the effect of exogenous PGE2 on the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Methods: Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from the synovial tissues of RA patients, and cultured in the presence of PGE2. The COX-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The PGE2 receptor subtypes in the FLS were analyzed by RT-PCR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to measure the NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity for COX-2 transcription. The in vivoeffect of PGE2 on the development of arthritis was also tested in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) animals. Results: PGE2 ($10^{-11}$ to $10^{-5}M$) dose-dependently inhibited the expression of COX-2 mRNA and the COX-2 protein stimulated with IL-$1{\beta}$, but not COX-1 mRNA. NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, displayed an additive effect on PGE2-induced COX-2 downregulation. The FLS predominantly expressed the PGE2 receptor (EP) 2 and EP4, which mediated the COX-2 suppression by PGE2. Treatment with anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies partially reversed the PGE2-induced suppression of COX-2 mRNA, suggesting that IL-10 may be involved in modulating COX-2 by PGE2. Experiments using an inducer and an inhibitor of cyclic AMP (cAMP) suggest that cAMP is the major intracellular signal that mediates the regulatory effect of PGE2 on COX-2 expression. EMSA revealed that PGE2 inhibited the binding of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the COX-2 promoter via a cAMP dependent pathway. In addition, a subcutaneous injection of PGE2 twice daily for 2 weeks significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CIA as well as the production of IgG antibodies to type II collagen. Conclusion: Our data suggest that overproduced PGE2 in the RA joints may function as an autocrine regulator of its own synthesis by inhibiting COX-2 production and may, in part, play an anti-inflammatory role in the arthritic joints.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.684-690
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• 2010

Recently, the NG(Next Generation) system is studied for supporting convergence of various services and multi mode of single terminal. And a demand of user for taking the various services is getting increased, for supporting these services, many systems being able to transmit a large message have been appeared. In the NG system, it has to be supporting the CDMA and WCDMA besides the tele communication systems using OFDM method with single terminal An intergrated system can be improved with adopting of SoC technique. For adopting SoC technique on the intergrated terminal, we have to solve the non linear problem of HPA(High Power Amplifier). Nonlinear characteristic of HPA distorts both amplitude and phase of transmit signal, this distortion cause deep adjacent channel interference. We adopt a polynomial pre-distortion technique for this problem. In this paper, a noble modem design for NG mobile communication service and a method using polynomial pre-distorter with PAPR technique for counterbalancing nonlinear characteristic of the HPA are proposed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply association rule mining to explore the labyrinthine network of cerebral infarction comorbidity and basic data supply to develop cutting-edge physical therapy protocols for cerebral infarction with comorbidity Methods: From clinic records of enrollees of A Hospital in D city, patients over 18 years of age with cerebral infarction and cerebral infarction comorbidity were recruited as a case group. All diagnoses of that hospital were categorized according to the "International Classification of Disease (ICD)" diagnosis system. We extracted code I63 from the "Korea Classification of Disease (KCD)-4". Associated rule mining was done with a priori modeling and Web nodes to examine the strengths of associations among those diagnoses. The support and confidence values of associated rule mining results were examined. Results: The subjects of this study were 2,267 cerebral infarction patients. E11 (Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), E78 (Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidaemias), G81 (Hemiplegia), I10 (Essential hypertension), and K29 (Gastritis and duodenitis) were high frequency diagnoses, being found in 10% or more of total diagnoses of cerebral infarction from frequency analysis results. The highest frequency diagnosis was 1,042 (46.0%) for I10. The second most frequent diagnosis was for E11(21.5%) while the third most frequent diagnosis was E78 (20.2%). Results from a priori modeling and Web nodes indicated that cerebral infarction has a strong association withessential hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidaemias. Conclusion: Cerebral infarction is associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidaemias. The result of this study will be helpful to clinicians treating patients with cerebral infarction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2003

Rice, which occupies about 60% of the farmland in Korea, is a staple crop in Asia. It not only absorbs $CO_2$ from the atmosphere, but also emits carbon in a form of CH$_4$. It has a potential role in the global budget of greenhouse gases because of its relative contributions of carbon absorption and emission associated with changing hydrologic cycle. To better understand its current and future role, seasonal variations of energy and $CO_2$ exchange in this critical ecosystem need to be quantified. The purpose of this study was to measure, document and understand the exchange of energy and $CO_2$ in a typical rice paddy in Korea throughout the whole growing season. Since late April of 2002, we have conducted measurements of energy and $CO_2$ exchange in a rural rice paddy at Hari site, one of the Korea regional network of tower flux measurement (KoFlux). After the quality control and gap-filling, the observed fluxes were analyzed in the context of micrometeorology and biophysics. $CO_2$ and energy exchanges varied significantly with land cover changes (e.g., plant growth stages), in addition to changes in weather and climate conditions. This study, reporting first direct measurement of energy and $CO_2$ exchange over a rice paddy in Korea, would serve as a useful database as one of the reference sites in AsiaFlux and FLUXNET.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.379-391
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• 2003

The present study was undertaken to evaluate bone regenerative capacity around titanium screw implants placed in irradiated rat's tibiae. At one week after single 15-Gy dose irradiation, miniaturized titanium screw implants were inserted into anterior aspect of the upper tibia of rats weighing 200-250g. Seventy rats were involved: 35 rats were control and 35 rats radiation group. The rats were killed at different intervals as 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after implantation for histologic observation, histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemical study with fibronectin and CD34 antibody. 1. Histologically, various stages of bone maturation and ossification can be seen at 4 weeks and regenerated bone close to edges demonstrates more advanced calcification, and network of new bone are well formed at 12 weeks in non-irradiated group. In contrast, active bone formation with increased contact of newly formed bone to implant surface was noted at 4 weeks and a significant amount of new bone formation and bone-implant contact is oberved at 12 weeks in irradiated group. 2. Histomorphometrical analysis confirmed these histologic findings. A significant difference in implant-bone contact and bone density was measured between the control and radiation group. Mean MBD was 62.2% in control group and 27.5% in radiation group, mean MBIC was 86.6% in control group and 47.7% in radiation group, and mean TBIC was 87.3% in control group and 45.6% in radiation group at 12 weeks after implantation. 3. In immunohistochemical study with fibronectin and CD34, radiation reduced hematopoietic progenitor cells severely and disturbed differentiation of osteoblast in bone marrow. The results of this study revealed bone healing capacity around implant after radiation therapy was severely impaired and irradiation reduces the capacity for osseointegration of titanium implants. Many factors including radiation dose, period between radiation and implantation, bone quality, time elapse between first and second surgery, type of prosthetics and hyperbaric oxygen therapy must be considered carefully in postradiation implantation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.169-177
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• 2020

In South Korea, the results of R&D in science and technology are submitted to the National Science and Technology Information Service (NTIS) in reports that have Korea national science and technology standard classification codes (K-NSCC). However, considering there are more than 2000 sub-categories, it is non-trivial to choose correct classification codes without a clear understanding of the K-NSCC. In addition, there are few cases of automatic document classification research based on the K-NSCC, and there are no training data in the public domain. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to build a highly performing K-NSCC classification system based on NTIS report meta-information from the last five years (2013-2017). To this end, about 210 mid-level categories were selected, and we conducted preprocessing considering the characteristics of research report metadata. More specifically, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) technique using only task names and keywords, which are the most influential fields. The proposed model is compared with several machine learning methods (e.g., the linear support vector classifier, CNN, gated recurrent unit, etc.) that show good performance in text classification, and that have a performance advantage of 1% to 7% based on a top-three F1 score.