• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.619-629
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• 2022

The five major violent crimes including murder, robbery, rape·forced indecent act, theft, and violence are representative crimes that threaten the safety of members of society and occur frequently in real life. These crimes have negative effects such as lowering the quality of citizens' life. In the case of Seoul, the capital of Korea, the risk for the five major violent crimes is increasing because the population density of Seoul is increasing as a large number of people in the provinces move to Seoul. In this study, to reduce this risk, the relative risk for the occurrence of the five major violent crimes in Seoul is modeled using three spatio-temporal models. In addition, various risk factors are included to identify factors that significantly affect the relative risk of the five major violent crimes. The best model is selected in terms of the deviance information criterion, and the analysis results including various visualizations for the best model are provided. This study will help to establish efficient strategies to sustain people's safe everyday living by analyzing important risk factors affecting the risk of the five major violent crimes and the relative risk of each region.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2014

People in the modern society want to live under safe and comfortable circumstances. As our society, however, is sharply developing, crimes are getting smarter and more difficult to treat. Above all, they often take place around us, and we are trying to cope with them variously in order to make our lives more comfortable and safer. In particular, five major crimes(Murde, Robber, Rape, Violence, Theft ) that most frequently occur in the real life are very threatening and fearful so it is necessary to deal with them with "the scientific method." In this study, therefore, we searched the frequency of crime by its type and analyzed spatial characteristics between crimes and criminal factors by using regression analysis and correlation analysis based on the crime data that has occurred around Geumjeng-gu, Busan so that we can confront five major crimes.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.107-113
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• 2012

This study examined relationship between the major five crimes(murder, robbery, rape, theft and violence) and elements of meteorological change(weather, temperature, precipitation, wind velocity and humidity). Elements of meteoro logical change corresponding to the date recorded by a meteorological office and the number of occurrences from January $1^{st}$ 2010 to October $19^{th}$ 2012 collected from major portal sites were used for this study. Based on this data, SPSS 12.0 was utilized to analyze relationship between crimes and elements of meteorological change, allowing us to find out relationship between crimes and elements of meteorological change. This analysis finding is sure to pave the way for research of this field.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2015

The recent long-term economic recession and business depression are constantly increasing the occurence of the five major crimes(murder, robbery, rape, theft, violence). When looking into the previously-analyzed characteristics of how the five major crimes are committed, this study understands that the crimes mostly occur in these crime-ridden areas of poor public order and security and, in order to decrease the crime rates of the crime-prone areas, any relevant fields have been emphasizing the application of CPTED. In the light of that, referring to CPTED surveillance factors and the current crime rate data, the study presented ways to help the relevant fields draw up a crime-prone area grade map. In particular, the security center among monitoring elements was visualized by dividing it into point patrol and directed patrol and by dividing it into 3 steps monitoring levels with CCTV and street lights. In addition, we checked the crime rate by zoning through crime statistics occurred in the research areas and established a crime status map. We estimated the weight through AHP analysis on the built monitoring elements and the zoning of the occurred areas, as a result of making a map vulnerable to crime by monitoring steps by overlapping each element, we were able to confirm that 60% of theft, 52% of violence and 33% of rape in the 1st grade area were reduced compared to the 1st step in monitoring Step 3.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to analyze the periodical and spatial characteristics of urban crime and to find out the factors that affect the crime occurrence. For these, crime data of Masan City was examined and crime occurrence pattern is ploted on a map using crime density and criminal hotspot analysis. The spatial relationship of crime occurrence and factors affecting crime were also investigated using ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) and SAR (Spatial Auto-Regression) model. As a result, it was found that crimes had strong tendency of happening during a certain period of time and with spatial contiguity. Spatial contiguity of crimes was made clear through the spatial autocorrelation analysis on 5 major crimes. Especially, robbery revealed the highest spatial autocorrelation. However as a autocorrelation model, Spatial Error Model(SEM) had statistically the highest goodness of fit. Moreover, the model proved that old age population ratio, property tax, wholesale-retail shop number, and retail & wholesale number were statistically significant that affect crime occurrence of 5 most major crimes and theft crime. However population density affected negatively on assault crime. Lastly, the findings of this study are expected to provide meaningful ideas to make our cities safer with U-City strategies and services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-78
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• 1999

Although recently vigorous studies on environmental crime have contribute criminal respects to be advanced in our country, most of them are focused on German discussions about the theory of environmental crime or environmental criminal law. As each countries in criminal legislation for environmental protection have some distinctive characteristics not found in others, the study which is more helpful to regulate environmental crime can be extend to other country in the view of comparative law. Thus this Article overviews especially the environmental criminal enforcement program involving civil and administrative enforcement in the United States. Notwithstanding that enforcement is an evolving phenomenon that only recently appeared on the scene, there is widespread public support for it. Once viewed as mere economic or regulatory offence lacking an element of moral delict, environmental crimes now provoke moral outrage and prompt demands for severe sanction and strict enforcement. Many major provisions of modem environmental acts that imposed criminal liability have been added or significantly restructured during the last decade. Notable among them are the imposition of the felony penalties for federal environmental crimes and the enactment of the endangerment crime in federal environmental law. This Article approaches the characteristics of environmental criminal enforcement form introducing major federal environmental acts. It develops the result that, considering the difference that exist between Korea and United States in environmental criminal law, our proper environmental regulatory framework can be constituted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-165
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• 1999

The Customs Act provides for a general rule all goods entering Korea shall be subject to customs duties as set in the customs tariff schedules as other fees and taxes determined except those excluded by virtue of the Customs Act or intentional agreements. Importation begins from the time carrying vessel or aircraft enters Korea territorial jurisdiction with the intention to unload the same until the time the goods are released or withdrawn from the customhouse upon payment of the appropriate duties. Imported articles may be categorized into prohibited importations, dutiable importations and conditionally free importation. Some other articles are qualifiedly prohibited, meaning they can enter the country after compliance with certain conditions. If there is any conduct violating these act, criminal sanctions may be imposed for the prevention and suppression of smuggling and other frauds, and the enforcement of tariff and customs act. As a result importers who intentionally violates Korea Customs Act may be subject to criminal prosecution. Many major provisions of customs act have imposed severe sanctions for customs crimes in comparison with other crimes due to general rule of criminal law. There is a great deal of activity in Pusan area relating to smuggling of narcotics and prohibited drugs, obscene articles and weapons. On one side, criminals who seek to profit by narcotics or drug threaten public health and human environment, On other side, weapon smuggling is a significant threat to our national security. However the studies on customs crime and customs act have not been viewed. Thus this Article overviews especially the customs crime and criminal sanction focused on domestic customs act.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.124-137
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• 2018

The main purpose of this study is to find the hotspots of crimes that occur frequently in the space and to derive the appropriate CCTV installation location. One of the characteristics of crime is clustered around past occurrence area, and these crimes are strongly correlated. It is also possible to find the cause of the clusters and the variables that affect the crime through the history of the crime. In addition to the traditional OLS model, spatial differential model including spatial autocorrelation and spatial error model were used to select the variables influencing the five major crime rate, the theft rate and the foreign resident rate. The variables affecting the Five major crimes were positive (+) sign for the welfare and the rate of the bar cluster rate, and negative (-) for the street density. The CCTV area occupies 46% of the hotspots based on the overlapping of the areas where the elderly people are crowded, the bar cluster, many multicultural families, and the areas with low density of street lamps. It turned out. Taking into account the current CCTV operation, the total number of new cases to cover the risk point was 89.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2015

Needs about safety of residents are important in urbanized society, elderly and small-size family. People are looking for safety information system and device of CPTED. That is, Needs and Installations of CCTV increased steadily. But, scientific analysis about validity, systematic plan and location of security CCTV is nonexistent. It is simply put these devised in more demanded areas. It has limits to look for safety of residents by increasing density of CCTVs. One of the characteristics of crime is clustering and stong interconnectivity. So, exploratory spatial data of crime is geo-coded using 2 years data and carried out cluster analysis and space statistical analysis through GIS space analysis by dividing 18 variables into social economy, urban space, crime prevention facility and crime occurrence index. The result of analysis shows cluster of 5 major crimes, theft, violence and sexual violence by Nearest Neighbor distance analysis and Ripley's K function. It also shows strong crime interconnectivity through criminal correlation analysis. In case of finding criminal cluster, you can find criminal hotspot. So, in this study I found concept of hotspot and considered technique about selection of hotspot. And then, selected hotspot about 5 major crimes, theft, violence and sexual violence through Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical Spatial Clustering.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.91-111
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• 2019

Violent crimes have increased continuously due to the development of urban society and have become a threatening factor against the residential safety of citizens. The prevention of these crimes is always a major topic in human society and one of the fundamental elements of the quality of life and safety of citizens. In recent years, much attention has been paid to environmental design through the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) as a preventive measure. Currently, South Korea is promoting the openness and utilization of public data, and crime prevention is one of the fields that can utilize public data actively. This approach to crime prevention utilizing public data will be helpful for the proposal of policies from new viewpoints departing from the general utilization measures of CPTED that improve streetlights and closed-circuit television (CCTV) installations, whose limitations have been pointed out as they are only mechanical surveillance. Thus, this study sets the research scope based on the statistics of the status of five criminal offenses by administrative district in recent years provided by the data portal in Seoul City, the capital of South Korea, as the utilization data and concentrates on the analysis. Based on the analysis results, this study proposes a method to utilize classical music as a new policy for regions where the improvements are most needed. The open-source Python analysis program was employed as the main data analysis and visualization method.