• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2001

A comprehensive analytical method of endocrine disruptors[i.e., nonylphenol(NP), octylphenol(OP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(BEHP)] in meat or pork samples was developed. The method employed closed culture tube extraction with dichloromethane and solvent exchange to iso-hexane and SPE(2g) aminopropyl column, followed by determination on gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry(GC/MS) operated in the single ion monitering(SIM) mode. For the multipoint recovery of nonylphenol, octylphenol and bis(2-ethlhexyl) phthalate OP, NP were showen good recoveries in $0.125-1.25{\mu}g/g$ range of concentration, and BEHP more good recoveries in $0.0125-12.5{\mu}g/g$ wide range of concentration. The present method was applied to beef or pork samples of mart and butcher in Cheonju city and near Cheonju. The range of concentrations was respectively, $0.06-0.24{\mu}g/g$ in nonylphenol(NP) and $0.36-2.35{\mu}g/g$ in bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(BEHP), but octylphenol(OP) was not dected in any samples. This method provides a powerful analytical tool to investigate a wide range of endocrine disruptors in biological samples of limited quantity.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2008

The eco-toxicological effects of endocrine disrupter, 4-nonylphenol (4NP) were observed and detected on the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus s.l. obtained and cultur-ed from our coast. There were no significant differences survival rate, sex ratio, and fecundity on T. japonicus s.l. at as low as $30{\mu}gL^{-1}$ of 4 NP exposure. Whereas, 4NP induced developmental delay, decreasing biomass and body size of nauplius and copepodite. Also, Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) was conducted to detecting gene expression for potential biomarkers response to 4NP. As a result, full lifecycle research on morphology and gene expression of T. japonicus s.l. suggested potential bioindicators or biomarkers for environmental monitoring and assessments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.129-134
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to evaluate the attach rate and survival rate for the female harpacticoid Tigriopus japonicus response to 4-nonylphenol, known endocrine disrupter. The organisms were sampled by net sweeping on the Jeju Island in April, 2004 were reared in the laboratory condition. As the concentrations increased, the mortality was slowly increased. The first day for appearing dead individuals was clearly different between control conditions and treated conditions. When the female with egg sac was moved to experimental conditions for the adaptation, the female was dropped the egg sac from the body and then reproduced the egg sac into four to five days. Usually the female in control group recovered egg sac but that in the treated group made egg sac between $89\%\;and\;95\%$ on exposed individuals. The dead individuals for control conditions were showed on ten days after treating chemicals while those for treated conditions were appeared four to six day after exposure to chemicals.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.308-310
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• 2002

Effect of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), on glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were investigated in the plasma of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Fish were injected with 4­NP (10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) in $70\%$ ethanol twice at 3-day intervals and plasma sampling were extracted at 7 days after the last injection. Controls received solvent only. 4-NP significant increased GOT in a dose-dependent manner. GPT was markedly elevated to $61\%$ (P<0.05) and $82\%$ (P<0.01) than that of the control at the 4-NP doses of 100 and 200mg, respectively. These results suggest that the estrogenic activity of 4-NP increase plasma GOT and GPT by toxic effect on hepatocyte.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4 s.55
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• pp.323-330
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• 2006

The aim of current study was to evaluate the toxicity of nonylphenol(NP) on soil nematode, Caenorhabditi elegans. The stress-related gene expression, growth, reproduction and development have been employed to monitor soil toxicity. The 24-h median effect concentrations $(LC_{50s})$ of NP was $0.15mg/L$. The expressions of vitellogenin-6, vitellogenin-2, cytochrome P450 family protein 35a2 and apoptosis enhancer-1 genes were upregulated in C. elegans by NP exposure. Alterations in growth, reproduction and development were also observed in NP-exposed group and especially hatching failure was observed. The overall results indicate that C. elegans has considerable potential as sensitive markers for NP toxicity monitoring.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2013

The present study was conducted to evaluate relationship between nonylphenol uptake rate and clearance rate of Ruditapes philippinarum, Corbicula japonica and Mytilus edulis. Variation of the temperature and body size of the bivalves was used to modulate clearance rate and nonylphenol uptake rate in this experiment. Clearance rate and nonylphenol uptake rate experiments were determined for two different size classes of the bivalves (R. philippinarum: 0.35, 0.73 g, C. japonica : 0.047, 0.1000g, M. edulis: 0.30, 0.37 g; mean flesh dry weight) and three different temperature regime (5, 13 and $18^{\circ}C$). Weight-specific clearance rate in all animal size and temperature ranges increased in the order of R. philippinarum, C. japonica and M. edulis. The weight-specific nonylphenol uptake rate did not show specific trend among species. The clearance rate and nonylphenol uptake rate generally decreased with animal size and increased with water temperature. For all three species nonylphenol uptake rate had a strong relationship with clearance rate. For a given clearance rate ranges, the nonylphenol uptake rate was in the order of R. philippinarum > C. japonica > M. edulis. The results suggest that water ventilation capacity of filter-feeding organisms is an important physiological factor controlling uptake rate of dissolved nonylphenol.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 2003

본 연구는 환경호르몬(endocrine disruptors)으로 분류되었으며, 에스트로젠 화합물의 특성을 지닌 4-Nonylphenol (NP)이 설치류 Pituitary 세포 중 성장호르몬을 분비하는 GH3 세포의 Nitric oxide(NO)을 증가시키는 작용기전을 규명코자 수행되었다 먼저 GH3세포에 NP처리 농도에 따른 NO의 생성을 측정한 결과 NP처리농도 의존적으로 증가시켰다. 이러한 NO의 증가가 genomic action인지를 확인하기 위해 GH3세포의 NO를 증가시키는 효소인 neuronal oxide synthase의 단백질량을 측정한 결과 GH3세포에서 NP에 의한 nNOS의 단백질의 변화는 없었다. 에스트로젠 화합물인 NP가 에스트로젠 리셉터 (ER)와의 관계를 조사하기 위해 ER억제제(ICI 168,780)클 처리한 경우 NP에 의해 증가한 NO가 감소하였다. 또한 유전자 전사억제제인 actinomycin D 및 단백질 발현 억제제인 cycloheximide을 처리한 경우는 NP에 의한 NO 증가억제효과가 없었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때 GH3 세포에서 NP는 ER을 매개한 non-genomic action에 의해 NO를 증가키는 것으로 사료된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.127-127
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• 2003

Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) are a class of the broader group of compounds known as alkylphenol. These phenolic compounds are used in a number of commercial products and have been reported to be weakly estrogenic in previous studies. BPA, used as coating material for food cans and dental sealants, is relatively more estrogenic than other phenolic compounds.(omitted)

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.736-743
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• 2017

In this study, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), an endocrine disrupting chemical, was removed by ozone treatment processes under the various experimental conditions including UV irradiation, $TiO_2$ addition. The ozone flow rate and concentration were maintained at $1.0L{\cdot}min^{-1}$ and $70{\pm}5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The pH, COD and TOC of the samples were obtained every 10 minutes for 60 minutes in laboratory scale batch reactor. We found that the combination of UV irradiation and $TiO_2$ addition for ozonation improves the removal efficiency of COD and TOC in 4-NP aqueous solution. In case of the $O_3/UV/TiO_2$ system, COD and TOC were greatly reduced to 85.3 ~ 94.0% and 89.2 ~ 97.2%, respectively. 4-NP degradation rate constants, $k_{COD}$ and $k_{TOC}$, were calculated based on the COD and TOC values. Significantly, $k_{COD}$ and $k_{TOC}$ were improved in the $O_3/UV/TiO_2$ treatment process compared with single $O_3$ process, because the oxidation and the mineralization of 4-NP were increased by generating of the hydroxyl radical. The $k_{COD}$ and $k_{TOC}$ were obtained to be $5.81{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}10.8{\times}10^{-4}sec^{-1}$ and $11.9{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}19.4{\times}10^{-4}sec^{-1}$ in the $O_3/UV/TiO_2$ process. Activation energy ($E_a$) of ozone oxidation reaction based on $k_{COD}$ and $k_{TOC}$ were increased in order of $O_3/UV/TiO_2$ < $O3/UV$ < $O_3/TiO_2$ < $O_3$ process. It was confirmed that the addition of $TiO_2$ and UV irradiation to the ozone oxidation reaction significantly reduced the $E_a$ value and the degradation of 4-NP.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.30
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• pp.6.1-6.7
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• 2015

Objectives This study aimed to estimate the effects of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a ubiquitously present surfactant in aquatic environments, on the anti-oxidant systems of the liver in the Far Eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Methods Changes in biochemical parameters involved in glutathione (GSH)-related and other anti-oxidant systems were analyzed following 4 weeks of 4-NP administration (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg diet) via a formulated diet to catfish. Results 4-NP exposure induced an elevation in hepatic lipid peroxide levels and an accompanying decrease in reduced state GSH after 2 weeks, suggesting pro-oxidant effects of the chemical in catfish. This oxidative stress was associated with an inhibition of the GSH-utilizing enzyme glutathione peroxidase at the same time point. This inhibition was restored after 4 weeks. The activities of other anti-oxidant enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased after 4 weeks. These enzyme increases occurred more strongly at the higher 4-NP concentration (1.0 mg/kg diet). Conclusions 4-NP given to catfish at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg diet, concentrations relevant to environmental levels, depletes the endogenous anti-oxidant molecule GSH and temporarily inhibits GSH-related anti-oxidant enzymes. Such declines in anti-oxidant capacity and elevated oxidative stress seem to be compensated eventually by subsequent activation of various anti-oxidant enzyme systems.