• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.220-224
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the dose dependent antifibrotic effects of polysaccharide from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum. The experimental hepatic cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation/scission (BDL/S) in rats. BDL/S rats in each group were dosed 0.5 mg, 2.0 mg, 5.0 mg or 10.O mg/rat/day orally for 4 weeks after the operation. Antifibrotic effects were evaluated by serum biochemical values, hydroxyproline contents, and light microscopical histology. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Hydroxyproline contents in liver of 5.0 and 10.0mg polysaccharide-treated BDL/S rats were significantly reduced 2) In serum test, ALT, AST, ALP values in polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum-treated group were lower than BDL/S control group 3) The hepatic damage such as hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, bile duct proliferation and fibrosis was less severe in the livers of 2.0 mg and 5.0 mg polysaccharide-treated rats. These results suggest that polysaccharide from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum to be a promising agent for the inhibition of hepatic cirrhosis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.7.1-7.8
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• 2018

In this study, we isolated and characterized the acid-soluble skin collagen of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT, Thunnus orientalis). The PBT skin collagen was composed of two ${\alpha}$ chains (${\alpha}1$ and ${\alpha}2$) and one ${\beta}$ chain. The denaturation temperature of PBT collagen was low although it was rich in proline and hydroxyproline. The primary structure of PBT skin collagen was almost identical to that of calf and salmon skin collagen; however, it differed with respect to the epitope recognition of the antibody against salmon type I collagen. These results suggest that the primary structure of skin collagen was highly conserved among animal species, although partial sequences that included the epitope structure differed among collagens.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.622-628
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• 1997

Hepatic cirrhosis is a common response to chronic liver injury from many causes and is one of the most common cause of all deaths. This study was carried out to compare experimental hepatic cirrhosis in rats to understand this disease and to apply for the pharmacokinetics in disease state. Following three kinds of experimental models were induced; 1) Bile duct ligation/scission (BDL/S), 2) N, N-dimethylnitrosamine(DMN), 3) Carbon tetrachloride. The hepatic cirrhosis was characterized by examing the liver/body weight ratio, serum biochemical values, hydroxyproline content in liver and histopathological lesions in cirrhotic rat liver. The results are as follows : (1) In BDL/S, the liver was enlarged to 250% of normal liver. In contrast the liver was shrinked to 48% and 78% of the normal liver in DMN and carbon tetrachloride, respectively. (2) In carbon tetrachloride and BDL/S, the serum ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased to 200~300% of normal level, while ALT and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased in DMN group. (3) Hydroxyproline content in cirrhotic rat liver was significantly 200~500% higher than that of normal liver. (4) Nodular formation with fibrosis was observed in BDL/S, DMN, carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhotic rat liver.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.259-260
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• 2002

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-38
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• 1998

This study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and anticirrhotic effects of Ganyeumilhobang(GIE) on the acute and chronic liver injury induced by various agents. Chronic liver injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine(DMN) ; a new experimental model for cirrhosis and the intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. Acute liver njury induced by carbon tetrachloride$(CCl_4)$ and D-galactosamine ; a experimental model for acute liver injury, the administration of $CCl_4$ and the intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine in the rat. The development of fibrosis and acute liver injury by the three prescriptions were examined by the chemical analysis of AST, ALT, prothrombin time and hydroxyproline. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The increasing level of hydroxyproline volume induced by DMN in mice was decreased by the oral administration of GIB. 2. The degree of histological fibrosis and hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration induced by $CCl_4$ decreased by the oral administration of GIB. 3. The increase of senun AST and ALT of mice with acute liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ and D-galactosamine was inhibited by the administration of GIB. 4. The prolongation of prothrombin time(seconds) of mice acute liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ was shortened by the oral administration of GIB. 5. The liver of mice was hepatectomized partial1y after the oral administration of GIB. The mitotic index(% of nuclei), weight of liver, contents of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis of the liver tissue were increased by the oral administration of GIB.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.450-461
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• 2001

Background : The underlying pathogenesis of radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RTLF) has not been very well defined. However, the role of TGF-$\beta$ in the generation of RTLF has been a major focus because there is an increase in the expression of both the TGF-${\beta}m$-RNA and its protein preceding RTLF lesions. The down stream signal after a TGF-$\beta$ stimulated lung fibrosis includes the activation of many mediators such as Smad and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) through TAK1. It is we hypothesized that JNK activation may play a pivotal role in RTLF pathogenesis through increased transcription of the fibrogenic cytokines. The present study evaluates JNK activity in alveolar macrophages after irradiation and the relationship between JNK activity and the amount of collagen in the lung tissues. Methods : C57BL/6 mice(20-25 gr, males) received chlorotetracycline(2g/L) in their drinking water 1 week prior to irradiation and continuously there after. The mice were irradiated once with 1400 cGy of $60CO{\gamma}$-ray over the whole chest. The cellular composition of the whole lung bronchoalveoalr lavage fluids(BALF), elastin expression in the lung tissues, the level of hydroxyproline in lung tissues, and an in vitro JNK assay was measured before irradiation and one, four, and eight weeks after irradiation (RT). Results : The volumes of BALF retrieved from instilled 4 mL of saline with 2% heparin were 3.7-3.8 mL for each group. The cell numbers were similar before($4.1{\times}10^4{\pm}0.5{\times}10^4/mL$) and 1 week($3.1{\times}10^4{\pm}0.5{\times}10^4/mL$) after RT. At four and eight weeks after RT, the cell number reached to $14.0{\times}10^4{\pm}1.5{\times}10^4mL$ and $10.0{\times}10^4{\pm}1.3{\times}10^4/mL$, respectively. There we no changes in the lymphocytes and neutrophils population observed in the BALF after RT. The H-E stain of the lung tissues did not show any structural and fibrotic change in the lung tissues at 4 and 8 weeks after RT. In addition, the amount of elastin and collagen were not different on Verhoeff staining of the lung tissues before RT to eight weeks after RT. The hydroxyproine content was measured with the left lung dissected from the left main bronchus. The lung were homogenized and hydrolyzed with 6 N Hel for 12 hours at $110^{\circ}C$ then measured as previously described. The content of hydroxyproline, standardized with a lung protein concentration, reached a peak 4 weeks after RT, and thereafter showed a plateau. AnIn vitro JNK assay using c-$Jun_{1-79}$-GST sepharose beads were performed with the alveolar macrophages obtained from the BAL. JNK activity was not detected prior to RT, However, the JNK activity increased from one week after RT and reached a peak four weeks after RT. Conclusion : JNK may be involved in the pathogenesis because the JNK activity showed similar pattern observed with the hydroxyproine content. However, it is necessary to clarify that the JNK increases the transcription of fibrogenic cyiokines through the transcription factor.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 2001

The antifibrotic effects of hot water extract (WEC), intracellular biopolymer (IPC) and extracellular biopolymers (EPC) from mycelial liquid culture of Cordyceps militaris on liver fibrosis were studied. Liver fibrosis was induced by a bile duct ligation and scission (BDL/S) operation, duration of 4 weeks in rats. In BDL/S rats, the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin in serum and hydroxyproline content in liver were dramatically increased. The WEC or IPC treatment (30mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, p.o.) in BDL/S rats reduced the serum AST, ALT and ALP levels significantly (p<0.01). The EPC treatment (30 mg/kg /day for 4 weeks, p.o.) reduced the serum ALT, AST and ALP levels significantly (p<0.01). Malondialdehyde contents in liver treated with WEC, IPC or EPC were significantly reduced (p <0.05). But Liver hydroxyproline content was decreased only in EPC treated BDL/S rats to 55% that of BDL/S control rats (p < 0.01). The morphological characteristics and expression of alpha smooth muscle like actin in fibrotic liver, which appeared in BDL/S control group were improved in EPC treated fibrotic liver. These results indicate that IPC (30 mg/kg /day for 4 weeks, p.o.) has an antifibrotic effect on fibrotic rats induced by BDL/S.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.3-21
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• 1998

This study was to investigate the effects of Gibangganbang on the liver injury induced dimethylnitrosamine, CCl4, ethanol and partial hepatectomy. Hydroxyproline, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, fatty value, lipidoperoxide levels, glutathione levels, mitotic index, contents of protein in the serum and liver tissues were measured and observed. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The increasing level of hydroxyproline volume induced by dimethylnitrosamine in mice was decreased by the oral administration of Gibangganbang. 2. The degree of hitological fibrosis and hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration induced by $CCl_4$ was decreased by the oral administration of Gibangganbang. 3. The degree of fatty value and the increasing level of lipidoperoxide in liver tissues was decreased by the oral administration of Gibangganbang. 4. The level of glutathione in liver tissues was increasing by the oral administration of Gibangganbang. 5. The increasing level of microsomal lipidoperoxide in vitro assay was decreasing by the oral administration of Gibangganbang. 6. The increasing level of the mitotic index, weight of liver, contents of protein, RNA and DNA synthesis of the liver tissues after partial hepatectomy was activated by the oral administration of Gibangganbang. These results suggest that Gibangganbang not only inhibits liver cirrhotic change and ethanol-induced fatty change but also activates antioxidant enzymes and regeneration ability ocf liver.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.298-308
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• 1995

To investigate the effect of estrogen and dietary protein level on Ca metabolism, female rats were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation. Ovariectomized rate were divided into either estrogen-or vehicle-treated groups. Each treatment group was again divided into 40%-casein(H) or 10%-casein(L) diet groups. All experimental diets contained 0.2% Ca, 0.4% P and fed to rats for 8 weeks. Apparant Ca absorption and Ca balance were not affected by dietary protein level and ovariectomy, however they were increased by estrogen injection and this effect was even higher in low protein groups. Urinary Ca excretion were higher in high protein groups. GFR was not affected by dietary protein level, ovariectomy, or by estrogen injection. Urinary protein excretion was higher in high protein groups, which implies that the kidney funtion was deteriorated by high protein diet, and this may account partly for the higher urinary Ca in high protein groups. Ovariectomy or estrogen treatment had no effect on urinary protein excretion. Urinary hydroxyproline was higher in ovariectomized rats and increased in high protein grous. Elevated value of ovarictomized rats was lowered by estrogen injection, especially in low protein group. Alkaline phosphatase tended to increase in ovariectomized groups and lowered with estrogen treatment, but this difference was not statistically significant. Serum PTH was not affected by ovariectomy and dietary protein level. Therefore the increased hydroxproline excretion does not seem to be attributed to PTH. Dietary protein level, ovariectomy and estrogen treatment did not affect the weights and components of femur, scapular, and 4th vertebra. Ash/wt ratio of femur was, however, lower in ovariectomized rats and increased with estrogen treatment. Therefore, among the bones studied, femur seemed to be the most vulnerable. The results of this study shows that estrogen treatment may alleviate or reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women somewhat, especially for those people with low protein diet.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.130-141
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• 2005

1. Objectives The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Chungpyesagan-tang on the $CCI_4-induced$ Liver Damage in Rats. 2. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were devided into 5 experimental groups : Normal, $NS+CCI_4(Solid$ extract of $CCI_4$ injection group after Normal Saline feed), $CP+CCI_4(Solid$ extract of $CCI_4$ injection group after Chungpyesagantang feed), $CCI_4+NS(Nomal$ Saline feed group after $CCI_4$ injection), $CCI_4+CP(Solid$ extract of Chungpyesagantang feed group after $CCI_4$ injection). Biochemical assays for serum enzyme activities such as AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Total Protein, Albumin, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Glucose, and mRNA Revelation of Cytochrome p450 and activities such as LPO(Lipid Peroxidation), GSH(Glutathione), GST(Glutathione-S- Transferase), Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Peroxidase, SOD(Superoxide Dismutase), Catalase, Hydroxyproline, and ${\beta}-Glucuronidase$ were performed. 3. Results 1) $CP+CCI_4$ showed significantly lower relation of Cytochrome p450 than $NS+CCI_4$. 2) As to LPO Hydroxyproline, $CCI_4+CP$ showed significantly lower activity than $CCI_4+NS$. 3) As to GSH GST Glutathione Peroxidase Catalase, $CP+CCI_4$ showed higher activity than $NS+CCI_4$, $CCI_4+CP$ showed significantly higher activity than $CCI_4+NS$. 4) As to Glutathione Reductase SOD, $CCI_4+CP$ showed significantly higher activity than $CCI_4+NS$. 5) As to ${\beta}-Glucuronidase$, $CP+CCI_4$ showed signficantly lower activity than $NS+CCI_4$. 4. Conclusions Chungpyesagantang has the recovering effects on the $CCI_4-induced$ Liver Damage.