• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2020.10a
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• pp.554-558
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• 2020

최근 사전학습 모델의 발달로 기계독해 시스템 성능이 크게 향상되었다. 하지만 기계독해 시스템은 주어진 단락에서 질문에 대한 정답을 찾기 때문에 단락을 직접 검색해야하는 실제 환경에서의 성능 하락은 불가피하다. 즉, 기계독해 시스템이 오픈 도메인 환경에서 높은 성능을 보이기 위해서는 높은 성능의 검색 모델이 필수적이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 검색 모델의 성능을 보완해 줄 수 있는 오픈 도메인 기계독해를 위한 단락 재순위화 모델을 제안한다. 제안 모델은 합성곱 신경망을 이용하여 질문과 단락을 구절 단위로 표현했으며, N-gram 구절 사이의 상호 주의 집중을 통해 질문과 단락 사이의 관계를 효과적으로 표현했다. KorQuAD를 기반으로한 실험에서 제안모델은 MRR@10 기준 93.0%, Top@1 Precision 기준 89.4%의 높은 성능을 보였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.4227-4232
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• 2011

A number of new 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole and their S- or N-substituted derivatives as well as the corresponding sugar hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Streptomyces species (Actinomycetes). The synthesized compounds displayed different degrees of antimicrobial activities or inhibitory actions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2016

Electrolyzed activated water (EAW) has been reported to exhibit strong bactericidal effects on foodborne microorganisms. However, the disinfection efficacy of EAW is affected by factors such as water source and hardness. This study investigated bactericidal effects of EAW against three gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus) and three gram-negative (Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Enteritidis) foodborne pathogens. Six strains were treated with EAW prepared at different water temperatures (4, 22, and $40^{\circ}C$) for 15 min, and D-values were generated. The results show that the lowest D-values for Lis. monocytogenes by EAW produced at $4^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ were 6.60 and 1.57 min, respectively. The lowest D-value for Sal. Enteritidis by EAW produced at $22^{\circ}C$ was 2.92 min. D-values of all strains treated by EAW produced at $40^{\circ}C$ decreased significantly compared to those treated by EAW produced at $4^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that applying EAW produced at warm temperature is more effective for reducing foodborne pathogens for food safety.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2002

A measurement of indoor microorganism using Reuter Centrifugal Air Sampler(RCS) was undertaken during October 1991 - February 1999 and 6-Stage Cascade Air Sampler was undertaken during May 2001 - June 2001 in Seoul. Sites including book store, department store, theater, subway station, underground shopping center, hospital, office building, sports facility, and eduationa institutio were chosen to measure indoor microorganism. The results were as follows: 1. The average of total microorganism collected on the agar strip GK-A media were, in the order, subway station, hospital, underground shopping center, department store, book store, theater, sports facility, educational institution, office building in sites. The highest concentration of 711cfu/m$^3$ was found in the subway station and the lowest concentration of 44cfu/m$^3$ was found in office building. 2. The average of staphylococci collected on the agar strip GK-S media, in the order, were subway station, underground shopping center, hospital and department store, department store, theater, office building, sports facility and educational institution in sites. The highest concentration of 502cfu/m$^3$ was found in the subway station and the lowest concentration of 14cfu/m$^3$ was found in sports facility and educational institution. 3. The average of fungus collected on the agar strip GK-HS media, in the order, were underground hospital, shopping center, theater, subway station, department store, book store, sports facility, educational institution, and office building in sites. The highest concentration of 252cfu/m$^3$ was found in the hospital and the lowest concentration of 32cfu/m$^3$ was found in office building. 4. Ratio of Indoor/Outdoor, determined by site was 1.12-2.38 in total count, 1.00-2.35 in staphylococci, and 0.99-1.34 in fungus. 5. The positive results of test were 12-24% in indoor and 9-43% in outdoor. 6. By gram staining gram positive cocci were 59.9%, gram positive bacill 24.4%, gram negative bacilli 10.4%, and gram negative cocci 0.5%.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.3 s.21
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• pp.97-104
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was conducted to compare antibacterial activities and free radical scavenging activity between the Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom in which the allergy-causing enzyme is removed. Methods : To evaluate antibacterial activities of the test samples, gram negative E. coli and gram positive St. aureus were compared using the paper disc method. For comparison of the antioxidant effects, DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances(TBARS) assay were conducted. Results : 1. Antibacterial activity against gram negative E. coli was greater in the Sweet Bee Venom group than the Bee Venom group. 2. Antibacterial activity against gram positive St. aureus was similar between the Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom groups. 3. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the Bee Venom group showed 2.8 times stronger than that of the Sweet Bee Venom group. 4. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of the Bee Venom group showed 782 times greater than that of the Sweet Bee Venom group. Conclusions : The Bee Venom group showed outstanding antibacterial activity against gram positive St. aureus, and allergen-removed Sweet Bee Venom group showed outstanding antibacterial activity against both gram negative E. coli and gram positive St. aureus. For antioxidant effects, the Bee Venom was superior over the Sweet Bee Venom and the superiority was far more apparent for lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 1993

Major pathogenic Gram-negative organisms such as P. aeruginosa, Serratia species, E. coli, Enterobacter species which are isolated from the specimens in large medical centers are greatly resistant to the commonly used antibiotics. Gram-negative bacilli, which had been isolated in Yeungnam University Hospital during the period from December 1992 to April 1993 and turned out to be resistant to the primary antibiotics susceptibility test for chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, tetracyclin, amikin and tobramycin, were subjected to the secondary antibiotics susceptibility test for aztreonam, ceftazidime, ciprofioxacine, cefotaxime, cefamandole, piperacillin, ticarcillin and sulfamethoxazole trimethopime. Out of 315 tested organisms, 167 organisms(53%) were resistant to all secondary antibiotics in vitro. Antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime(37.1%), aztreonam(11.%), ciprofioxacine(7.9%) against Gram negative bacilli were slightly more active than other antibiotics tested, while cefamandole was not active to all the Gram-negative bacilli tested. According to the specimens, E. coli was the most frequently resistant organisms to the primary antibiotics from urine, A. baumanii, from respiratory system and wounds, and P. aeruginosa from various specimens. In summary, Gram negative bacilli resistant to the primarily applied antibiotics also were resistant to the secondary antibiotics. Rearrangement of the antibiotics disks for the antibiotic susceptibility test should be considered.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 1996

In order to synthesize a new antibacterial and antitumor agents, we have prepared new analogues pteroic acid(13a, 13b), which means C-9 position of pteroic acid has been replaced by norfloxacin(8) or ciprofloxacin(9) and amino group of C-2 position by $CH_3$. These derivatives were synthesized coupling at N-4 piperazine of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin with 2-amino-3-cyano-5-chloromethylpyrazine(20) provided 1-alkyl(ethyl, cyclopropyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-[[4-N-(2-amino-3-cyanopyrazin-5-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid(12a, 12b). It was then cyclized with acetamidine. HCI to obtain new analogues of C-2 desaminomethylpteroic acid(13a, 13b) in yield of 76.2% and 82.8 % respectively. These compounds were tested in vitro on antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027. In general, these synthesized compounds(13a, 13b) showed less potent activities than those of norfloxacin.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.495-499
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• 2004

Because the education system that based on objective data is needed for the beginning technologists in the department of medicine laboratory, development of the CAI system based on Gram-Stain images is needed in clinical microbiology field. So, in this study, we implemented CAI system based on Gram-Stain images for medical technologists under Web using multimedia toolbook. Because this system is implemented under Web, more and more beginning technologists can have a remote-education beyond time and space, can save human power and time that needed due to hold in common of educational information, and cannot learn mistaken microbiology images because of learning execution based on objective data. Also, implemented system brings a higher interest and a learning effect to medical technologies because of hyper-media method that offered from toolbook. In the future, it will be needed a continuous acceptance of changing knowledge and it will be useful system for technologist in case of applying various examinations based Gram-Stain method of this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 1980

One hundred and eighteen cultures of Gram-negative rods isolated from cases of clinical bovine mastitis during lactation were examined for distribution of specific types, and activity of several antimicrobial agents to the isolates was determined by two-fold tube dilution method employing sterile whole milk as fluid medium. Of the isolates, 59.2% were Escherichia coli. Most of the remaining isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes. Most Gram-negative rods(89.8%) were isolated from acute local and chronic mastitis. The cases of peracute systemic form with a marked symptoms of toxemia were associated with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) of gentamicin and oxolinic acid in sterile whole milk were 16-128 times higher than the MLC obtained in trypticase soy broth (TSB), while the MLC of ampicillin and tetracycline in milk increased 2-4 times compared with TSB. Of the drugs tested, gentamicin was the most active antibiotics with MLC of $100{\mu}g/ml$ in sterile whole milk against all of Gram-negative rods isolated from bovine udder infections.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.383-394
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• 1997

This study was done to examine adherence of oral bacteria to titanium dental implant and to know the effective prophylactic antibiotics using an in vivo model. Three samples each of the implant material were set in an acrylic resin flange and placed in the maxillary buccal sulcus of twenty volunteers. At 6- and 54-hour intervals, each sample was placed on blood agar plate (BAP) and chocolate agar, and then they were incubated and identified. Also antibiotic susceptibility test was performed. The results obtained mere as follows ; 1. The microorganisms were chain-like Gram positive cocci and staphyline Gram positive cocci, Gram positive bacilli in order of frequency were found at 6-hour and 54-hour samples by Gram staining. 2. Streptococci was found predominantly at both 6-hour and 54-hour samples, but number of streptococci was decreased as compared to 6-hour samples. 3. There was no difference in the bacterial species adherent to implant between 6-hour and 54-hour samples. 4. All the microbes were sensitive to AMC (amoxacillin clavulanic acid), chloramphenicol, quinolone and vancomycin in the antibiotic susceptibility test. Above results suggest that streptococcus are mainly adhered to titanium implant after implant was placed in the oral cavity and AMC is the most recommendable antibiotics to prevent the peri-implant inflammation.