• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.673-693
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• 1997

In this work, the irreducible complex representations of degree 4 of $B_4$, the braid group on 4 strings, are classified. There are 4 families of representations: A two-parameter family of representations for which the image of $P_4$, the pure braid group on 4 strings, is abelian; two families of representations which are the composition of an irreducible representation of $B_3$, the braid group on 3 strings, with a certain special homomorphism $\pi : B_4 \longrightarrow B_3$; a family of representations which are the tensor product of 2 irreducible two-dimensional representations of $B_4$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.99-103
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• 2001

Three flavan-3,4-diol derivatives were isolated from the heartwood of Robinia pseudoacacia and characterized by spectroscopic methods including $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR and positive FAB-MS. The structures were identified as 4,4'-dimethoxy-, 4-ethoxy- and 4-ethoxy-4'-methoxy-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-(+)-leucorobinetinidin.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.430-433
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• 2000

Five compounds have been isolated from the stem of Caesalpinia japonica. On the basis of spectral evidences, the structures of these compounds were identified as 4',7-dihydroxyflavone, 3,4',7-trihydroxyflavone, cathechin, 3',4',7-trihydroxyflavone and 2',3,4',5,6,7-hexahydroxyflavone.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-81
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• 1993

Synthetic routes are described for the introduction of hydroxyalkyl groups to the upper rim of calix[4]arene. Treatment of p-bromocalix[4]arene methyl ether 3 with n-BuLi followed by para-formaldehyde produced p-hydroxymethylcalix[4]arene methyl ether 4 in 60% yield. p-Acetylcalix[4]arene methyl ether 7, obtained by Friedel-Crafts acetylation of calix[4]arene methyl ether 6, was reduced with NaBH4 to produce p-(1-hydroxy ethyl)calix[4]arene methyl ether 8 in 67% yield.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.425-428
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• 2000

Arenealdehyde 2-benzothiazolylhydrazone in thianthrene cation radicalafforded triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles as major and minor product, respectively. On the contrary the similar reaction in tris(2,4-dibromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate gave 1,2,4-triazoles and triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazoles as ma-jor and minor product, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.338-341
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• 1990

Several new pyrazoloyl-pyrrolidino[3, 4-d]pyrazolidines and pyrazolonyl-pyrrolo[3, 4-d] pyrazoles were synthesised via the reaction of N-arylaleimides with the phynylhydrazones of 3-methyl-4-formyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-formyl-pyrazolin-5-one and treating of the resulting adducts with chloranil. Structures were based on elemental analyses and spectral data.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 1981

In an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic significance of the serum thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) in various thyroid disease states, the authors measured serum $T_3$ uptake, $T_3$, total $T_4\;free\;T_4$, TSH and TBG by radioimmunoassay technique, and calculated the free $T_4$ index$(FT_4I)$ and $T_4/TBG$ ratio in 10 cases of normal subjects, 11 cases of hypothyroidism, 62 cases of euthyroidism and 37 cases of hyperthyroidism. The data were analysed in the aspects of diagnostic significance in each thyroid disease state, and the results were as follows; 1. In 10 cases of normal subjects, serum TBG was $17.4\sim26.8{\mu}g/ml$, $FT_4I$ was $5.1\sim9.7$, and $T_4/TBG$ ratio was $21.9\sim49.9(Mean{\pm}S.D.)$. 2. In 62 cases of euthyroidism with diffuse and nodular goiter, $FT_4I$ was $7.26{\pm}1.82,\;T_4/TBG$ ratio was $31.47{\pm}10.42$, and there were no significant difference from those of normal subjects (p>0.5). 3. In 11 cases of hypothyroidism, the $FT_4I$ was $3.13{\pm}2.15,\;T_4/TBG$ ratio was $11.3{\pm}5.31$, significantly lower than normal controls (p<0.01). 4. In 37 cases of hyperthyroidism, the $FT_4I$ was $30.0{\pm}12.0,\;T_4/TBG$ ratio was $121.4{\pm}62.2$, significantly higher than normal controls (p<0.01). 5. There were significant correlations between the $FT_4I$ and $T_4/TBG$ ratio, total $T_4\;and\;T_4/TBG$ ratio, in each thyroid function states. 6. The $FT_4I$ showed 100% of diagnostic value in hyperthyroidism, 89.2% in euthyroidism, and 80% in hypothyroidism group. The $T_4/TBG$ ratio showed 100% of diagnostic value in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, and 80.6% in euthyroidism group. The above results suggest that $T_4/TBG$ ratio and $FT_4I$ showed same diagnostic value in hyperthyroidism group, but $T_4/TBG$ showed higher diagnostic significance than $FT_4I$ in hypothyroidism.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.495-499
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• 2005

Purpose : Interleukin-4(IL-4) is a critical component of the Th2 cytokine pathway and contributes to severity of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) bronchiolitis. Previous studies observed an association between severe RSV bronchiolitis in Korean children with a common haplotype of the IL4 promoter. This study was performed to investigate functional differences of the variant IL4 promoter haplotypes. Methods : Genomic DNA was obtained from 20 children from 6 to 48 months of age in the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The IL4 promoter spanning an 1.2 kb region was amplified and haplotype was determined by cloning and the PHASE reconstruction. Transcriptional activity of Jurkat T cells which were transfected with each IL4 haplotype were analyzed by use of luciferase assay. Results : Three haplotypes of the IL4 promoter have been identified with the frequency of GCC(7 percent), TCC(17 percent), and TTT(76 percent). The TTT haplotype demonstrated the highest luciferase values in both unstimulated and PMA-stimulated Jurkat T cells. Increases in transcriptional activity compared to GCC have been shown in TTT(5.3 fold higher) followed by TCC(4.2 fold higher) in unstimulated Jurkat T cells. Conclusion : We provided evidence that increased transcriptional activity of the TTT haplotype of the IL4 promoter, which has previously been over-represented in Korean children with severe RSV bronchiolitis. Therefore, IL-4 could play a potential role in the pathogenesis of RSV infection, possibly via an altered transcriptional activity of the different IL4 haplotypes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.216-222
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• 2020

Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is found to be overexpressed in human breast cancer. It plays a role in cancer metastasis, production of reactive oxygen species, and cell polarity at membranes. The characteristics and functions of TRAF4 in pigs have not yet been identified. As the first step of research, the mRNA sequence of TRAF4 in porcine cells has been determined. To obtain the full-length sequence, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) has been carried out. Upon cloning, 2,030 bp of nucleotides were found to encode 470 amino acids, and 8 and 12 amino acids were different from those of the human and mouse TRAF4, respectively. The coding region of porcine TRAF4 was shown to be 93% and 90% homologous to human and mouse TRAF4, respectively. qPCR was conducted to determine the relative expression level of TRAF4. TRAF4 expression in pK15 was enhanced by cell-cell contacts. The mRNA levels of CLDN4, OCLN, and TJP1 at 60% and 80% confluency were significantly higher than at 40% confluency. Further, TRAF4 and tight junction-related genes were down-regulated upon treatment with TRAF4 siRNA. Thus, TRAF4 may affect the function of tight junctions in pig.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.42
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• pp.241-262
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• 2016

British TV Channel 4 is one of the famous TV Channel in the world. Its station ID has also played a leading role in the developments of Motion Graphics including station IDs. This station ID's main visual design concept is its name and an iconic logo '4' at the same time. The first channel 4 station ID was designed by using modular typography to construct the iconic '4'. Modular typography is a technique of creating letters with similar elements. Channel 4's station ID was constructed from coloured polygons. The polygons split and converge at the same point in 3D space. Modularity in Channel 4's station ID is evidenced by the similar units of polygons. After the first station ID, Channel 4 was re-branded. Eventhough the station IDs which followed did not use coloured and geometrical polygons, modularity is seen in most of the station IDs especially between 2004 - 2011. In these station IDs, the iconic '4' is formed from similar natural and environmental objects like rocks, buildings, lights etc. In this analysis paper, there is a visual narrative on the history of Channel 4, the concept of modular typography in the original station ID and the application of modular typography in other Channel 4's station IDs.