• 제목/요약/키워드: 4,\

검색결과 425,407건 처리시간 0.177초

Total Synthesis of Sodium (3R,4S)-3-[2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-4-methoxymethyl-2-azetidinone-1-sulfonate from L-Aspartic Acid

  • Chung Bong Young;Nah Cha Soo;Kim, Jin Yeon;Rhee Hakjune;Cha Young Chul
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
    • /
    • 제13권3호
    • /
    • pp.311-314
    • /
    • 1992
  • A new monocyclic ${\beta}-lactam$ analogue, sodium (3R,4S)-3-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyi minoacetamido]-4-methoxymethyl-2-azetidinone-1- sulfonate (3) was synthesized from L-aspartic acid. Starting from L-aspartic acid, (S)-1-benzyl-4-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-azetidinone (7) was synthesized in four steps by following the established procedures and converted into (3R,4S)-3-amino-1-t-butyldimethylsilyl-4-methoxym ethyl-2-azetidinone (13) in six steps. Acylation of the amino group of 13 with $2-amino-{\alpha}$ -(methoxyimino)-4-thiazoleacetic acid, desilylation, and sulfonation with sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex followed by ion exchange afforded sodium (3R,4S)-3-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyi minoacetamido]-4-methoxymethyl-2-azetidinone-1- sulfonate (3). Antibacterial activities of this ${\beta}$ -lactam compound 3 were, however, found to be quite low compared to cefotaxime.

Current Understanding of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Signaling in T-Cell Biology and Disease Therapy

  • Kim, Gil-Ran;Choi, Je-Min
    • Molecules and Cells
    • /
    • 제45권8호
    • /
    • pp.513-521
    • /
    • 2022
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an immune checkpoint molecule that is mainly expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells that inhibits T-cell activation and regulates immune homeostasis. Due to the crucial functions of CTLA-4 in T-cell biology, CTLA-4-targeted immunotherapies have been developed for autoimmune disease as well as cancers. CTLA-4 is known to compete with CD28 to interact with B7, but some studies have revealed that its downstream signaling is independent of its ligand interaction. As a signaling domain of CTLA-4, the tyrosine motif plays a role in inhibiting T-cell activation. Recently, the lysine motif has been shown to be required for the function of Treg cells, emphasizing the importance of CTLA-4 signaling. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CTLA-4 biology and molecular signaling events and discuss strategies to target CTLA-4 signaling for immune modulation and disease therapy.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES USING 4D MODELS - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY

  • Rogier Jongeling;Jonghoon Kim;Claudio Mourgues;Martin Fischer;Thomas Olofsson
    • 국제학술발표논문집
    • /
    • The 1th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
    • /
    • pp.830-835
    • /
    • 2005
  • 4D models help construction planners to develop and evaluate construction plans. However, current analyses using 4D models are mainly visual and limit the quantitative comparison of construction alternatives. This paper explores the usefulness of extracting quantitative information from 4D models to support time-space analyses. We use two 4D models of an industry test case to illustrate how to analyze 4D content quantitatively (i.e., work space areas and distances between concurrent activities). This paper shows how these two types of 4D content can be extracted from 4D models to support 4D-based-analysis and novel presentation of construction planning information. We suggest further research to formalize the content of 4D models to enable comparative quantitative analyses of construction planning alternatives. Formalized 4D content will enable the development of reasoning mechanisms that automate 4D-model-based analyses and provide the information content for informative presentations of construction planning information.

  • PDF

토양에서 분리한 자낭균 효모 Wickerhamomyces sp. GW1-4와 Archaeorhizomyces sp. YB4-103의 특성 (Characterization of Ascomycetous Yeast Species Wickerhamomyces sp. GW1-4 and Archaeorhizomyces sp. YB4-103 isolated from Soil)

  • 손지윤;김명겸
    • 한국균학회지
    • /
    • 제51권4호
    • /
    • pp.361-371
    • /
    • 2023
  • The study was undertaken to isolate and characterize wild yeast strains from soil samples collected in Seoul, Korea. Among the 19 yeast strains obtained, 17 were previously recorded species. The remaining two strains, Wickerhamomyces sp. GW1-4 and Archaeorhizomyces sp. YB4-103 were new species candidates. The genomic and microbiological characteristics of GW1-4 and YB4-103 were investigated. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 26S rRNA gene sequences and internal transcribed sequences, GW1-4 and YB4-103, represent a distinct lineage within the family Phaffomycetaceae and Archaeorhizomycetaceae, respectively. The GW1-4 and YB4-103 strains had the highest sequence homology with Wickerhamomyces xylosivorus NBRC 111553T (88.97%) and Archaeorhizomyces finlayi CBS 128710T (87.55%), respectively.

초기 산욕부의 간호요구도와 만족도에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Nursing Needs and Satisfactions of Early Postpartum Women)

  • 유연자;이은주
    • 여성건강간호학회지
    • /
    • 제5권3호
    • /
    • pp.389-409
    • /
    • 1999
  • This study was carried out to identify the differences between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of postpartum women during the early postpartum period. The goal of this study was to obtain needed to develope the nursing quality for postpartum women. The subjects were 87 postpartum women who had vaginal delivery at 2 general hospital and 2 maternity hospital in the Ulsan City. The period for the data collection was from June 1 to 29, 1999. The data was gathered using an 98 items questionnaire which was a modified version of a questionnaire the developed by Y. J. Chun. Results found are as follows : 1. The general characteristics of the subjects : The majority of subjects were 25-29 yrs. (57.5%), high school and college graduates(96.5%), unemployed(75.9%), middle ranged economics(93.1%), had no religion(43.7%), male baby(52.9%), birth weight 3-3.5Kg(49.4%), wanted pregnancy(96.6%), no abortion history(50.6%), had antenatal care(89.7%), had prenatal education(32.2%), postnatal education(42.5%), intended breast feeding (46.0%), had resonable self confidence about self(20.7%), infant care(36.8%) and nuclear family pattern(82.3%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care(3.93) and the levels of satisfaction(3.86) was relatively high. The nursing needs by category of nursing care, the highest need was in the emotional and psychological care(4.09), and the lowest need was in physical need(3.73). The satisfactions by category of nursing care, the highest satisfaction was in emotional and psychological care(4.11) and the lowest satisfaction was in education in self care(3.64). The significant differences between nursing needs and satisfactions were found on education in infant care(p=.005), and education in self care(p=.020). 3. Among items of physical care, 'accurate medication and treatment(4.21)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.13)', 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound (4.12)' and 'regular observation of postpartum conditions(4.09)' showed high nursing needs. 'Accurate medication and treatment(4.31)', 'regular observation of postpartum condition(4.24)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.22)' and 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound(4.12)' showed high satisfaction levels. 4. Among items of emotional and psychological care, 'personal treatment(4.32)', kind and faithful care(4.30)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.25)', 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.23)' and detailed explanation on a doubt(4.13)', showed high nursing needs, 'personal treatment(4.52)', 'kind and faithful care(4.45)', 'detailed explanation on a doubt(4.24)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.21)' and 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant except item of 'early contacts with their baby and breast feeding'. 5. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction were on the items of 'neat bedding and clothes(4.05, 4.21)' and 'room cleansing or care of room(4.01, 4.28)'. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'room cleansing of care of room'. 6. Among items of educational needs on self care, 'sitz bath method(4.22)', 'high risk symptoms to immediate clinic visits(4.13)', 'the timing of tub bath(4.05)' and 'good secretion of breast milk(4.03)', showed high nursing needs, 'sitz bath method(4.22)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'the timing of hair shampoo', 'the timing of tub bath', ' the method of pad change', 'postpartum exercise', 'good secretion of breast milk', 'maintenance of breast figure', 'contraindicated drugs in postpartum women', 'kegel exercise' and 'breast self examination'. 7. Among items of educational needs on infant care, 'immunization of infants(4.36)', 'symptoms of sickness to immediate clinic visits(4.28)'. 'safety and emergency care(4.28)', 'umbilical care(4.26)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.24)', 'normal growth and development of infant(4.24)' and 'infection control(4.22)', showed high level of nursing care, 'immunization of infants(4.21)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.17)', were high satisfaction items showed significant differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction. 8. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among postpartum women were as follows : 1) Physical area : There were no significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mothers', 'baby's weights', 'baby's sex', 'planning of feeding' and 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 2) Emotional and psychological area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different in the area of 'confidence in self care'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'baby's weights', 'the confidence of infant care' and 'working mother'. 3) Environment area : There were on significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'maternal age' and 'baby's weights'. 4) Education in self care : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history' and 'type of family formation'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mother', 'baby's sex', 'antenatal care', 'postpartum education', 'planning of feeding', 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 5) Education in infant care area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'receiving postpartum education or not' and 'working mother'.

  • PDF

인위배수성(人爲倍數性) 임목(林木)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) XIII -Colchitetraploid인 자주무궁화와 단심무궁화의 몇 형태학적(形態學的) 및 생리학적(生理學的) 특성(特性)- (Studies on Artificial Polyploid Forest Trees XIII -Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Colchitetraploid Hibiscus syriacus L.-)

  • 이석구;김정석
    • 한국산림과학회지
    • /
    • 제32권1호
    • /
    • pp.73-86
    • /
    • 1976
  • 무궁화의 종자(種字)에 colchicine처리(處理)를 실시(實施)하여 얻어진 18년생(年生)의 무궁화중 자주무궁화 2본(本)(선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1), 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(2))와 단심무궁화 1본(本)(선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화)을 선발(選拔)하고 그 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1) 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(2) 및 선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화는 체세포염색체수(體細胞染色體數)가 2n=160개(個)이고 비교무궁화는 2n=80개(個)로써 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1) 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(2) 및 선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화는 4배체(倍體)무궁화였다. 2. Diploid의 단심무궁화, 자주무궁화와 tetraploid의 단심무궁화, 자주무궁화의 엽(葉)의 과산화동위효소(過酸化同位酵素)가 고활성(高活性) band는 cathode측(側)에 편중(偏重)되고 있고 f band와 v band는 이들 무궁화의 기본(基本) band이며 그리고 효소변이(酵素變異)는 배수성(倍數性)과는 무관(無關)하다. 3. 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1)의 꽃은 비교(比較)자주무궁화에 비(比)하여 크고 농자색이있다. 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(2)는 꽃의 크기가 비교자주무궁화에 비(比)하여 증대(增大)되지 않았으나 색(色)이 농자색이었으며 꽃잎 기부(基部)에 있는 적단심(赤丹心)이 꽃잎길이의 $\frac{2}{3}$까지 확대되어 있었다. 그리고 선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화의 꽃의 크기는 비교(比較)단심무궁화에 비(比)하여 크기가 증대(增大)되고 꽃잎의 기부(基部)에 있는 적색조맥(赤色條脈)이 꽃잎길이의 $\frac{2}{3}$까지 뻗어 있었다. 4. 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1), 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(2) 및 선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화에서 잎의 두께 공변세포(孔邊細胞), 화분경(花粉徑), 섬유장(纖維長) 및 섬유폭(纖維幅)은 모두 비교(比較)무궁화에 비(比)하여 증대(增大)되었다. 5. 삽목활착율(揷木活着率)은 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1)이 80%, 선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화가 36%이었으며 삽목묘(揷木苗)의 생장상황(生長狀況)은 2년생(年生)에서 선발4개체(選拔4個體)자주무궁화(1) 및 선발4개체(選拔4個體)단심무궁화 모두 비교(比較)무궁화보다 뒤떨어졌다.

  • PDF

서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 혁신 특성과 시사점 (Characteristics and Implications of 4th Industrial Revolution Technology Innovation in the Service Industry)

  • 장병열
    • 서비스연구
    • /
    • 제13권2호
    • /
    • pp.114-129
    • /
    • 2023
  • 4차 산업혁명 시대를 맞이하여 서비스 산업에서 4차 산업혁명 기술의 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 개발 및 활용 현황을 파악하고 이에 기반하여 서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 혁신 특성과 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 혁신 특성을 파악하기 위해 통계청의 기업활동조사 데이터를 기반으로 조사·분석을 수행하였다. 서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술에 대해 기업 비율, 기술 개발 및 활용 비중, 개발·활용 기술, 기술 활용 분야, 기술 개발 방법측면에서 분석하였다. 또한 서비스 산업 4차 산업혁명 기술 변화 추이도 분석하였다. 서비스 산업의 분석결과를 바탕으로 타 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 활용 및 개발 현황과 비교·분석하였다. 특히 서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 혁신 유형을 4차 산업혁명 기업 비율과 4차 산업혁명 기업 비율의 증가율 관점에서 4가지 유형으로 구분하고 서비스 산업별 유형을 도출하였다. 연구 및 분석결과를 바탕으로 서비스 산업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 혁신 특성과 시사점을 9가지 관점에서 제시하였다. 연구결과 서비스 산업 기업이 타 산업 기업보다 더 적극적으로 4차 산업 혁명 관련 기술을 개발하거나 활용하고 있는 것으로 나타났고 그 격차는 더욱 확대되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 세부 서비스 산업별로는 정보통신업, 금융 및 보험업, 교육 서비스업의 4차 산업혁명 기술 개발 또는 활용 비율이 상대적으로 높았고, 4차 산업혁명 기업 비중이 가장 많이 증가한 서비스 산업은 부동산업, 교육 서비스업, 보건업 및 사회복지 서비스업으로 조사되었다. 특히, 클라우드, 빅데이터, 인공지능이 핵심 3대 4차 산업혁명 기술로 분석되었다. 서비스 산업은 4차 산업혁명 기업 비율과 증가율 측면에서 4개의 유형으로 구분할 수 있으며 유형별 차별적인 혁신 특성을 반영한 서비스 산업 혁신 방안이 필요하다.

Benzofuroxan으로부터 Quinoxaline 유도체의 합성(제1보) (Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives from Benzofuroxan (Part I))

  • 김호식;허재혁
    • 대한화학회지
    • /
    • 제48권4호
    • /
    • pp.385-393
    • /
    • 2004
  • Benzofuroxan과 ethyl acetoacetate를 반응시켜 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (8)를 합성하고, 이것을 hydrazine hydrate 또는 selenium dioxide와 반응시켜 2-hydrazinocarbonyl-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (9) 또는 2-ethoxycarbonyl-3-formylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (10)를 합성하였다. 화합물 9를 alkanoyl chloride류, benzoyl chloride류, heteroacyl chloride류 및 benzenesulfonyl chloride류와 반응시켜 3-methyl-2-(substituted hydrazinocarbonyl)quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide류 (11-14)를 합성하였다. 화합물 9를 sodium nitrite와 반응시켜 2-azidocarbonyl- 3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (15)를 합성한 다음, 이것을 디옥산/알코올류 용매하에서 환류시켜 Curtius 자리옮김반응에 의한 N-(3-methyl-1,4-dioxoquinoxalin-2-yl)-alkyl carbamate류 (16)를 합성하였다. 그리고 화합물 15를 치환 아닐린류와 반응시켜 2-(3-substituted phenylureido)-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide류 (17)를 합성하였다. 한편 화합물 10을 benzoic hydrazide 또는 치환 아닐린류와 반응시켜 quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide류 (18, 19)를 각각 합성하였다. 그리고 합성한 화합물들에 대한 제초력과 살균력도 조사하였다.

Intragenic DNA Methylation Concomitant with Repression of ATP4B and ATP4A Gene Expression in Gastric Cancer is a Potential Serum Biomarker

  • Raja, Uthandaraman Mahalinga;Gopal, Gopisetty;Rajkumar, Thangarajan
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
    • /
    • 제13권11호
    • /
    • pp.5563-5568
    • /
    • 2012
  • Based on our previous report on gastric cancer which documented ATP4A and ATP4B mRNA down-regulation in gastric tumors relative to normal gastric tissues, we hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms could be responsible. ATP4A and ATP4B mRNA expression in gastric cancer cell lines AGS, SNU638 and NUGC-3 was examined using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). AGS cells were treated with TSA or 5'-AzaDC and methylation specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) analysis were performed. MSP analysis was on DNA from paraffin embedded tissues sections and plasma. Expression analysis revealed downregulation of ATP4A and ATP4B genes in gastric cancer cell lines relative to normal gastric tissue, while treatment with 5'-AzaDC re-activated expression of both. Search for CpG islands in their putative promoter regions did not indicate CpG islands (CGI) but only further downstream in the bodies of the genes. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) in the exon1 of the ATP4B gene and exon7 in ATP4A indicated methylation in all the gastric cancer cell lines tested. MSP analysis in tumor tissue samples revealed methylation in the majority of tumor samples, 15/19, for ATP4B and 8/8 for ATP4A. There was concordance between ATP4B and ATP4A down-regulation and methylation status in the tumour samples tested. ATP4B methylation was detectable in cell free DNA from gastric cancer patient's plasma samples. Thus ATP4A and ATP4B down-regulation involves DNA methylation and methylated ATP4B DNA in plasma is a potential biomarker for gastric cancer.

MPEG-4 Over MPEG-2 TS로부터 MP4 파일로의 포맷 변환기 설계 (Design of a Format Converter from MPEG-4 Over MPEG-2 TS to MP4)

  • 최재영;정제창
    • 방송공학회논문지
    • /
    • 제5권2호
    • /
    • pp.176-187
    • /
    • 2000
  • 본 논문에서는 MPEG-2 시스템 층의 하나인 방송 및 전송을 위한 트랜스포트 스트림(TS)상에 MPEG-4 데이터를 구조화하여 MPEG-4 Over MPEG-2 TS 비트 스트림을 만드는 방법과 이를 저장 매체 포맷중 하나인 MP4 파일로 변환하는 방법에 관한 연구이다. MPEG-4는 객체 단위의 부호화 비트 스트림으로 구성되기 때문에 이들 객체의 속성을 표현하는 객체 기술자, 객체들간의 시공간 관계를 표현하는 장면 기술자가 필요하며 또한 모든 객체들간의 복호화 정보와 객체간의 동기화를 위해 다양한 여러 가지 기술자들이 필요한데 이런 다양한 MPEG-4 비트 스트림을 어떻게 MPEG-2 TS 규격에 맞게 전송하는가에 초점을 두었다. 또한 설계한 MPEG-4 Over MPEG-2 TS 비트 스트림을 저장매체를 대상으로 하는 새로운 파일 규격인 MP4 파일로 변환하는 알고리듬을 제시하고 구현 방법을 소개한다.

  • PDF