• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.531-534
• /
• 2010

Purpose: Lipobean$^{(R)}$s, widely used in lipodissolving techniques, contain phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate as its main substances. They have been approved only as medication for liver disease by the FDA. However, they have been used under various clinical settings without exact knowledge of its action mechanism. The authors designed an in vitro study to analyze the effects of different concentrations of phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate on adipocytes and other types of cells. Methods: Human adipose-derived stem cell were cultured and induced to differentiate into adipocytes. Fibroblasts extracted from human inferior turbinate tissue, and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast lines were cultured. Phosphatidylcholine solution dissolved with ethanol was applied to the culture medium at differing concentrations (1, 4, 7, 10 mg/mL). The sodium deoxycholate solution dissolved in DMSO applied to the medium at differing concentrations (0.07, 0.1. 0.4. 0.7 mg/mL). Cells were dispersed at a concentration of $5{\times}10^3$ cells/well in 24 well plates, and surviving cells were calculated 1 day after the application using a CCK-8 kit. Results: The number of surviving cells of adipocytes, fibroblasts and osteoblasts decreased as the concentration of sodium deoxycholate increased. However, all types of cells that had been processed in a phosphatidylcholine showed a cell survival rate of over 70% at all concentrations. Conclusion: This study shows that sodium deoxycholate is the more major factor in destroying adipocytes, and it is also toxic to the other cells. Therefore, we conclude that care must be taken when using Lipobean$^{(R)}$s as a method of reducing adipose tissue, for its toxicity may destroy other nontarget cells existing in the subcutaneous tissue layer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2007

Compound K (CK) is a final metabolite of panaxadiol ginsenosides. Although panax ginseng is known to have anti-diabetic activity, the active ingredient is not yet fully identified. Therefore, it would be interesting to know whether and how CK has an anti-diabetic activity. First, insulin secretion-stimulating activity of CK was examined using RIN-m5F cell line and primary cultured islets. CK enhanced the insulin secretion in a concentration dependent manner. This effect, however, was almost completely abolished in the presence of diazoxide, $K^+$ channel opener, indicating that the insulin secretion-stimulating activity of CK is presumably due to blockade of ATP sensitive $K^+$ channel. In addition, effects of CK on gene expressions of hepatic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase[PEPCK], glucose-6-phos-phatase[G6Pase]) and on adipocyte differentiation in H4IIE and 3T3-Ll cells, respectively, were examined. CK suppressed the induction of PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA expressions under the dexamethasone/cAMP stimulation condition. CK also reduced the $PPAR-{\gamma}$ mRNA expression and triglyceride accumulation in a dose dependent manner as compared to the control. The present study suggests that CK deserves to examine whether it shows an anti-diabetic activity in animal and human studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.384-391
• /
• 2016

In previous studies, we confirmed that the ethanol extract of Polygonatum sibiricum (ID1216) has anti-obesity effects on high-fat diet-fed mice. To identify the obesity-related genes affected by ID1216, we studied its effects both in vivo and in vitro. In mice, single administration of ID1216 increased the expression of obesity-related genes including sirtuin1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator $1{\alpha}$ ($PGC1{\alpha}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) compared to that in mice administered the vehicle; their downstream genes (uncoupling proteins, acyl-CoA oxidase, adipocyte protein 2, and hormone-sensitive lipase) were also increased by ID1216. In fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, ID1216 showed the same effects on anti-obesity genes as those in the animal model. Based on these results, we propose that ID1216 has anti-obesity effects by regulating the $SIRT1-PGC1{\alpha}-PPAR{\alpha}$ pathway and their downstream genes, thereby controlling energy and lipid metabolisms.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.561-571
• /
• 2022

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) is capable of regulating lipid and glucose metabolism through its action on adipocytes. However, the beneficial role of GRb1-induced up-regulation of adiponectin in liver steatosis remains unelucidated. Thus, we tested whether GRb1 ameliorates liver steatosis and insulin resistance by promoting the expression of adiponectin. Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes and hepatocytes were used to investigate GRb1's action on adiponectin expression and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. Wild type (WT) mice and adiponectin knockout (KO) mice fed high fat diet were treated with GRb1 for 2 weeks. Hepatic fat accumulation and function as well as insulin sensitivity was measured. The activation of AMPK was also detected in the liver and hepatocytes. Results: GRb1 reversed the reduction of adiponectin secretion in adipocytes. The conditioned medium (CM) from adipocytes treated with GRb1 reduced TG accumulation in hepatocytes, which was partly attenuated by the adiponectin antibody. In the KO mice, the GRb1-induced significant decrease of TG content, ALT and AST was blocked by the deletion of adiponectin. The elevations of GRb1-induced insulin sensitivity indicated by OGTT, ITT and HOMA-IR were also weakened in the KO mice. The CM treatment significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK in hepatocytes, but not GRb1 treatment. Likewise, the phosphorylation of AMPK in liver of the WT mice was increased by GRb1, but not in the KO mice. Conclusions: The up-regulation of adiponectin by GRb1 contributes to the amelioration of liver steatosis and insulin resistance, which further elucidates a new mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of GRb1 on obesity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.537-546
• /
• 2004

Adiponectin is adipocyte complement-related protein which is highly specialized to play important roles in metabolic and honnonal processes. This protein, called GBP-28, AdipoQ, and Acrp30, is encoded by the adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 (APM1) which locates on human chromosome 3q27 and mouse chromosome 16. In order to determine chromosomal localization of the porcine APM1, we carried out PCR analysis using somatic cell hybrid panel as well as porcine whole genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel. The result showed that the porcine APM1 located on chromosome 13q41 or 13q46-49. These locations were further investigated with the two point analysis of RH panel, revealed the most significant linked marker (LOD score 20.29) being SIAT1 (8 cRs away), where the fat-related QTL located. From the SSCP analysis of APM1 using 8 pig breeds, two distinct SSCP types were detected from K~ native and Korean wild pigs. The determined sequences in Korean native and Korean wild pigs showed that two nucleotide positions (T672C and C705G) were substituted. The primary sequence of the porcine APM1 has 79 to 87% identity with those of human, mouse, and bovine APM1. The domain structures of the porcine APM1 such as signal sequence, hypervariable region, collagenous region. and globular domain are also similar to those of mammalian genes.