• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2016

This study investigated the tonal characteristics in Korean emotion words by analyzing the pitch patterns transformed from word utterance. Participants were 30 women, ages 19-23. Each participant was instructed to talk about their emotional experiences using 4-syllable target words. A total of 180 utterances were analyzed in terms of the frequency of each syllable using the Praat. The data were transformed into meantones based on the semi-tone scale. When emotion words were used in the middle of a sentence, the pitch pattern was transformed to A3-A3-G3-G3 for '즐거워서(joyful)', C4-D4-B3-A3 for '행복해서(happy)', G3-A3-G3-G3 for '억울해서(resentful)', A3-A3-G3-A3 for '불안해서(anxious)', and C4-C4-A3-G3 for '침울해서(frustrated)'. When the emotion words were used at the end of a sentence, the pitch pattern was transformed to G4-G4-F4-F4 for '즐거워요(joyful)', D4-D4-A3-G3 for '행복해요(happy)', G3-G3-G3-A3 and F3-G3-E3-D3 for '억울해요(resentful)', A3-G3-F3-F3 for '불안해요(anxious)', and A3-A3-F3-F3 for '침울해요(frustrated)'. These results indicate the differences in pitch patterns depending on the conveyed emotions and the position of words in a sentence. This study presents the baseline data on the tonal characteristics of emotion words, thereby suggesting how pitch patterns could be utilized when creating a melody during songwriting for emotional expression.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2005

Tuber yield and content of general component and diosgenin which is a main bioactive property were investigated in order to determine the growth characteristics of round typed yam(Dungeun-ma, Dioscorea opposita L.) and the potential of artificial culture at Suwon, Korea. Sprouting rates of segmented small tubers such as 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12g were respectively 60.3, 80.5, 85.3, 98.6 and 99.3% when they were investigated 30 days after planting. Segmented small tubers of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12g enlarged respectively to 66, 87, 98, 120, and 140g in the green-house cultivation. Segmented small tubers of 3, 7, 12, 18, and 23g enlarged respectively to 35.2, 124.7, 142.7, 174.8, and 200,7g in the open-air field cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.191-194
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• 2013

The fresh fruit bodies of Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV)-B (280-320 nm) in order to increase vitamin $D_2$ contents, which was assayed using HPLC (Waters 1525, USA). The vitamin $D_2$ contents were $3.5{\mu}g/g$ after 3 min UV-B irradiation ($21.6KJ/m^2$) and $6.02{\mu}g/g$ after 5 min UV-B irradiation ($36KJ/m^2$), respectively, which showed the significant increase considering the vitamin $D_2$ content ($0.01{\mu}g/g$) before UV-B irradiation. This increasing effect was confirmed also for other edible mushrooms; Pleurotus eryngii, from $0.09{\mu}g/g$ to $2.75{\mu}g/g$ (3 min) and $5.21{\mu}g/g$ (5 min); Lentinus edodes, from $0.021{\mu}g/g$ to $3.02{\mu}g/g$ (3 min) and $3.78{\mu}g/g$ (5 min); Pleurotus ostreatus, from $0.19{\mu}g/g$ to $9.63{\mu}g/g$ (3 min) and $11.6{\mu}g/g$ (5 min). Although the original content of vitamin $D_2$ was the highest in P. ostreatus, the extent of increase by UV irradiation was remarkably high in P. eryngii var. ferulae.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.210-218
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• 2005

Recently, customers can select various service providers using number portability according to given select options such as quality of service and fare organization. Therefore it is possible that subscriber maintenance and quality competition are converted to fare competition which is real competition concept. However, it is time that we need number portability between $2G{\rightarrow}3G$ for activating 3G services because some important issues are closed such as domestic number portability, WiBro service provider selection. In this paper, we proposed applying method and necessity of $2G{\rightarrow}3G$ number portability Also, we analyzed $2G{\rightarrow}3G$ number portability examples of domestic and foreign countries and domestic market situation about abstract of 3G mobile communication service and number portability introduction between $2G{\rightarrow}3G$ for 3G service activation appearing newly in this research.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.69-72
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• 2001

The national 2G-3G roaming is emerging as one of essential and important issues In Korea in connection with the recent granting of 3G licenses. Accustomed to the current seamless coverage and superb quality of 2G networks, many subscribers have very high expectations of an equal or better service provisioning by 3G networks. However, it is very unlikely for 3G operators to successfully build their networks as comprehensive as the current 2G networks in the beginning of network implementation and commercial launch. Therefore,3G operators are seriously considering the national 2G-3G roaming in Korea. In this paper. 1 would like to discuss and present a technical implementation scheme and problems that need to be solved fer successfully realizing the national 2G-3G roaming.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

This study investigated the differences in barley growth at different growth stages (Dec, Feb, and Apr) and the yield at harvest in three groups (G1, G2, and G3) with different climates. Additionally, we measured meteorological differences between areas during the growing season to determine which factors were related to growth and yield differences. We evaluated the chemical composition of soil and the mineral content in leaves during the heading stages. We also recorded the main constituents, amino acids, and mineral compositions of barley seeds grown in different areas. Tiller number/m² in G1 areas was higher than in G2 and G3 when measured before and after overwintering. However, tiller number/m² and dry aboveground plant parts/m² in G2 and G3 areas were higher than in G1. Regrowth, panicle formation, and heading days in G2 areas occurred slightly later than in G1 and G3. However, there was no difference in chlorophyll content (SPAD value) between groups. The yield in G1 areas was 9~15% less than in G1 and G3. The decrease in yield in G2 areas could be due to lower panicle number, spikelet number, and ripening rate. In addition, the decrease in yield in G2 areas is likely because maximum, minimum, and average daily temperatures during the growing season were lower than those in G1 and G3. However, mineral nutrients in the soil were higher in the G2 area than in G1 and G3. The overall mineral content in plants tended to be higher in G1 areas than in G2 and G3. Mineral content such as Cu, K, Mg, and P in G3 areas and crude protein and most amino acids in G2 areas tended to be relatively low compared to other areas. Thus, the G1 area may be suitable for barley cultivation without adverse impacts on barley yield, main constituents, amino acids, and mineral contents compared to the main producing areas in G3.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.38 no.3_4
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• pp.221-238
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• 2020

Let G = (V (G), E(G)) be a graph and let g : V (G) → S₃ be a function. For each edge xy assign the label r where r is the remainder when o(g(x)) is divided by o(g(y)) or o(g(y)) is divided by o(g(x)) according as o(g(x)) ≥ o(g(y)) or o(g(y)) ≥ o(g(x)). The function g is called a group S₃ cordial remainder labeling of G if |v_g(i)-v_g(j)| ≤ 1 and |e_g(1)-e_g(0)| ≤ 1, where v_g(j) denotes the number of vertices labeled with j and e_g(i) denotes the number of edges labeled with i (i = 0, 1). A graph G which admits a group S₃ cordial remainder labeling is called a group S₃ cordial remainder graph. In this paper, we prove that subdivision of graphs admit a group S₃ cordial remainder labeling.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2013

Water is the most important resource for the maximum water use efficiency and yield of maize. Water has to be applied moderately based on the water requirement of maize. Crop water requirement (WR) is a function of the potential evapo-transpiration (PET) and crop coefficient (Kc). PET can be estimated by the climate data measured at the weather station in the production region. Kc was measured by the NIAST (RDA) through lysimeter experiments. In this study, the growth stage of maize was divided into five ones (G-1: Apr. 25 ~ May 20, G-2: May 21 ~ Jun. 20, G-3: Jun. 21 ~ Jul. 20, G4: Jul. 11 ~ Jul. 25, G5: Jul. 26 ~ Aug. 20). The average PET during maize growing season of the 45 areas was 2.85 mm $day^{-1}$. The highest water requirement was at the G-3 stage among the maize growth stages. The mean water requirement (MWR) according to growth stage was 1.74 ~ 2.42 (average 2.02), 2.99 ~ 4.21 (average 3.41), 3.82 ~ 5.25 (average 4.41), 3.05 ~ 4.31 (average 3.48), and 2.62 ~ 3.49 (average 3.01) mm $day^{-1}$ in the G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4 and G-5 stage, respectively. The total water requirement (TWR) according to growth stage was 45.37 ~ 63.04 (average 52.56), 92.54 ~ 130.59 (average 105.77), 76.46 ~ 105.09 (average 88.14), 45.73 ~ 64.67 (average 52.20), and 68.25 ~ 90.75 (average 78.33) mm in the G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4 and G-5 stage, respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2005

The research for incubation period, mycelial density, day required for primordial formation after inoculation(below DPI), number of valid stipes, individual weight and accumulation amounts of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae by treating 100, 200, 300, 400, 500(${\mu}g/50g$) of $Na_2SeO_3$ is following. Incubation periods of P. cornucopiae are 20~23 days per each low concentration treatment with $Na_2SeO_3$. Compared to the control which took 22 days of incubation period, it is reduced 1 or 2 days. Mycelial density of P. cornucopiae treated with $Na_2SeO_3$ between 100 and $500{\mu}g/50g$ is very compact. DPI of P. cornucopiae treated with $Na_2SeO_3$ between 100 and $400{\mu}g/50g$ was reduced 1 or 2days, but $500{\mu}g/50g$ was increased 1 day. Number of valid stipes of P. cornucopiae treated with $Na_2SeO_3$ between 100 and $400{\mu}g/50g$ is between 19 and 20. It was increased 1 or 2, as compared to 18 of control, but $500{\mu}g/50g$ was reduced to 1. Individual weight of P. cornucopiae treated with $Na_2SeO_3$ between 100 and $400{\mu}g/50g$ was between 129 and 138g/850cc. It was increased 4.9~12.2% as compared to 123g/850cc of the control but $500{\mu}g/50g$ was 122g/50g. Accumulation amount of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae treated with $Na_2SeO_3$ between 100 and $500{\mu}g/50g$ was $2.73{\sim}8.19{\mu}g/g/dry$. It was increased 55~164 times as the concentration increased when compared to $0.05{\mu}g/g/dry$ of the control. In conclusion, incubation period, mycelial density, DPI, number of valid stipes, individual weight and accumulation amounts of organic selenium for P. cornucopiae by treating 100, ${\sim}400{\mu}g$ of $Na_2SeO_3$ was increased, but $500{\mu}g/50g$ was reduced. So more than $500{\mu}g/50g$ concentration treatments are required research.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.689-695
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to predict of eutrophication in lakes by using Vollenweider-OECD model and total phosphorus concentration and inflow rate which were measured in 1993∼2001. The results of study were as follows. The annual total phosphorus loading from the watershed was calculated to be 55∼195tP/yr at lake Soyang, 221∼466tP/yr at lake Taechong, 123∼278tP/yr at lake Andong, 57∼109tP/yr at lake Seomjin. These are discharged, far the most parts, from population and fishfarm facility. TP loading on the surface area at lake Soyang was 3.01gP/㎡/yr, 2.82gP/㎡/yr, 2.84gP/㎡/yr, 3.03gP/㎡/yr, 2.34gP/㎡/yr, 1.78gP/㎡/yr, 0.91gP/㎡/yr, 0.89gP/㎡/yr, 0.86gP/㎡/yr, lake Taechong was 6.71gP/㎡/yr, 7.25gP/㎡/yr, 7.24gP/㎡/yr, 6.53gP/㎡/yr, 6.50gP/㎡/yr, 7.06gP/㎡/yr, 7.04gP/㎡/yr, 4.05gP/㎡/yr, 3.44gP/㎡/yr and TP loading on the surface area of lake Andong, lake Soemjin were 5.39gP/㎡/yr, 4.47gP/㎡/yr, 4.56gP/㎡/yr, 4.45gP/㎡/yr, 3.33gP/㎡/yr, 2.38gP/㎡/yr, 2.53gP/㎡/yr, 2.46gP/㎡/yr, 2.54gP/㎡/yr, 4.09gP/㎡/yr, 4.10gP/㎡/yr, 3.98gP/㎡/yr, 3.73gP/㎡/yr, 2.80gP/㎡/yr, 3.46gP/㎡/yr, 3.22gP/㎡/yr, 2.19gP/㎡/yr, 2.13gP/㎡/yr respectively. The tropic states of four lakes can be assessed as eutrophy because phosphorus leading exceeds the critical phosphorus loading by Vollenweider-OECD model.