• 제목/요약/키워드: 3DCD

검색결과 27건 처리시간 0.026초

설계자유도 향상을 위한 부가가공 기반의 3차원 회로장치 제작 (3-Dimensional Circuit Device Fabrication for Improved Design Freedom based on the Additive Manufacturing)

  • 오성택;장성현;이인환;김호찬;조해용
    • 한국정밀공학회지
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    • 제31권12호
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    • pp.1077-1083
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    • 2014
  • Multi-material Additive Manufacturing (AM) is being focused to apply for direct manufacturing of a product. In this paper, a three-dimensional circuit device (3DCD) fabrication technology based on the multi-material AM technology was proposed. In contrast with conventional two-dimensional Printed Circuit Board (PCB), circuit elements and conducting wires of 3DCD are placed in threedimensional configuration at multiple layers of the structure. Therefore, 3DCD technology can improve design freedom of an electronic product. In this paper, 3DCD technology is proposed based on AM technology. Two types of 3DCD fabrication systems were developed based on the Stereolithography and the Fused Deposition Modeling technologies. And the 3DCD samples which have same function were fabricated, successfully.

순환정지 후 장기기증의 의료윤리적 문제 (Medical ethical problems of organ donation after circulatory death)

  • 박순호;허정식;김기영
    • Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.74-79
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    • 2020
  • It is necessary to expand organ donations of the deceased, as more ethical problems are emerging from the increase in organ donations from the living. As the legal and ethical discussions on donation after circulatory death (DCD) as a field with the potential to expand such domestic organ donation are being held, the need for a social consensus is increasingly highlighted. Organ DCD refers to the donation of an organ from a patient whose spontaneous blood circulation has stopped due to cardiac death. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there are legal and ethical obstacles or medical uncertainties for expanding the practice of DCD. By law, death is recognized as cardiac death, and brain death is recognized as an exception for organ transplantation. Although circulatory death precedes brain death, this paper presents a discussion to begin the process of reaching an ethical and legal agreement on whether or not circulatory death can be recognized as death. Successful implementations of DCD, including Category III DCD, in other countries are currently being reviewed to introduce Category III DCD in Korea.

Dicyandiamide(DCD)가 고형(固形) 축산폐기물 중(中) 무기화(無機化)된 질소(窒素)의 경시적(經時的) 방출(放出) 및 억제(抑制)에 미치는 영향(影響) (The Effect of Dicyandiamide (DCD) on the Mineralization of Nitrogen from Soild-Animalwaste)

  • 윤순강;우기대;유순호
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제26권1호
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    • pp.43-48
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    • 1993
  • 질산화작용(窒酸化作用) 억제제(抑制劑) Dicyandiamide(DCD)가 축산폐기물 중 유기질소(有機窒素)의 무기화(無機化) 방출율(放出率)에 미치는 영향을 구명(究明)하고자 생돈분(生豚糞)과 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에 DCD를 처리하고 $30^+/-1^{\circ}C$에서 10주간(週間) 항온(恒溫)하면서 매 1주(週) 간격으로 돈분의 pH와 $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$을 분석하여 무기태질소(無機態窒素) 농도(濃度)의 경시적(經時的) 방출(放出) 양상(樣相)과 $NO_3-N$ 생성억제(生成抑制) 효과를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 항온기간별(恒溫期間別) 돈분(豚糞)의 pH는 8이상으로 높았으며 DCD를 처리하지 않은 생(生)돈분과 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에서 pH는 각각 0.04, 0.06 unit/week로 증가되었다(P<0.05). 항온(恒溫) 1주(週) 만에 생돈분(生豚糞) 중 유기질소(有機窒素)의 20.1%인 2,473ppm이 $NH_4-N$으로 무기화되었으나 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에서는 항온 2주(週)까지 $NH_4-N$ 농도가 항온(恒溫) 전(前)과 차이가 없었으며 외형적(外形的)인 무기화작용(無機化作用)은 발견할 수 없었다. 생돈분(生豚糞)에서 항온기간(恒溫期間)이 경과(經過)함에 따른 $NH_4-N$ 농도(濃度) 손실율(損失率)은 DCD 처리시 61.8ppm $NH_4-N$/week, 그리고 DCD 무처리에서는 72.3ppm $NH_4-N$/week로 $NH_4-N$의 형태적 변화가 신속히 진행되었다. DCD 처리(處理)에 따른 $NO_3-N$ 생성억제(生成抑制) 효과는 생돈분에서 통계적(統計的)으로 유의성(有意性)있게 나타났으나($r=0.79^{**}$), 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에서는 효과가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. $NH_4-N$ 농도 손실율(損失率)은 생돈분(生豚糞)에서는 1차(次) 회귀(回歸)에 그리고 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에서는 2차(次) 회귀(回歸)에 유의성(有意性)있게 따르고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

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Effects of Urease Inhibitor, Nitrification Inhibitor, and Slow-release Fertilizer on Nitrogen Fertilizer Loss in Direct-Seeding Rice

  • Lee, Jae-Hong;Lee, Ho-Jin;Lee, Byun-Woo
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제44권3호
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    • pp.230-235
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    • 1999
  • To study the effects of an urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on nitrogen losses and nitrogen use efficiency, urea fertilizer with or without inhibitors and slowrelease fertilizer (synthetic thermoplastic resins coated urea) were applied to direct-seeded flooded rice fields in 1998. In the urea and the urea+DCD treatments, NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N concentrations reached 50 mg N L$^{-1}$ after application. Urea+NBPT and urea+ NBPT+DCD treatments maintained NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N concentrations below 10 mg N L$^{-1}$ in the floodwater, while the slow-release fertilizer application maintained the lowest concentration of NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N in floodwater. The ammonia losses of urea+NBPT and urea+NBPT+DCD treatments were lower than those of urea and urea+DCD treatments during the 30 days after fertilizer application. It was found that N loss due to ammonia volatilization was minimized in the treatments of NBPT with urea and the slow-release fertilizer. The volatile loss of urea+DCD treatment was not significantly different from that of urea surface application. It was found that NBPT delayed urea hydrolysis and then decreased losses due to ammonia volatilization. DCD, a nitrification inhibitor, had no significant effect on ammonia loss under flooded conditions. The slow-release fertilizer application reduced ammonia volatilization loss most effectively. As N0$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N concentrations in the soil water indicated that leaching losses of N were negligible, DCD was not effective in inhibiting nitrification in the flooded soil. The amount of N in plants was especially low in the slow-release fertilizer treatment during the early growth stage for 15 days after fertilization. The amount of N in the rice plants, however, was higher in the slow-release fertilizer treatment than in other treatments at harvest. Grain yields in the treatments of slow-release fertilizer, urea+NBPT+ DCD and urea+NBPT were significantly higher than those in the treatments of urea and urea+DCD. NBPT treatment with urea and the slow-release fertilizer application were effective in both reducing nitrogen losses and increasing grain yield by improving N use efficiency in direct-seeded flooded rice field.field.

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X-Ray Triple Crystal Diffraction Spectrometer의 제작과 그 응용 (X-Ray Triple Crystal Diffraction Spectrometer and Its Applications)

  • 박영한;염효영;윤형근;민석기;박용주
    • 한국결정학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.20-25
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    • 1997
  • 고분해도의 X-선 산란을 위해 두 실험 방법이 개발됐다. 그 방법들은 (1) 2-결정 회절 스펙트로메터 (DCD)설치와 (2) 3-결정 회절 스펙트로메터 (TCD) 설치였다. Si(511)-시료(hkl)의 DCD배열로 Si(333), Si(004), GaAs(004)의 rocking curve를 그렸다. 또한 단일체 단색 평행기와 $K_{\alpha1}$ 선택기를 포함하는 Si(111)-Si(111)-Si(511)-sample(hkl)의 TCD배열로 Si(333), Si(004) 그리고 GaAs(004)의 rocking curve를 그렸다. DCD와 TCD에 의한 rocking curve의 FWHM의 차이가 논의됐다. DCD에 의한 $In_{0.037}Ga_{0.0963}As/GaAs$의 (004) 및 (115) 반사 토포그라프가 행해졌다.

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Effect of Dicyandiamide and Hydroquinone on Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Pig Slurry Applied to Timothy (Phleum pretense L.) Sward

  • Park, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Bok-Rye;Kim, Tae-Hwan
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제36권3호
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    • pp.199-204
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    • 2016
  • The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia ($NH_3$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission from pig slurry applied to Timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The daily emission of ammonia ($NH_3$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) was monitored for 9 days in three different treatments; 1) control (only pig slurry application), 2) DCD treatment (pig slurry + DCD), and 3) HQ treatment (pig slurry + HQ). Most $NH_3$ emission occurred after 4~5 days in three treatments. Total $NH_3$ emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time, was $1.33kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in the control. The DCD and HQ treatment decreased total $NH_3$ emission by 16.3% and 25.1%, respectively, compared to the control. Total $N_2O$ emission in the control was $47.1g\;N\;ha^{-1}$. The DCD and HQ treatment resulted in a reduction of 67.9% and 41.8% in total $N_2O$ emission, respectively, compared to the control. The present study clearly indicated that nitrification and urease inhibitor exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through $NH_3$ and $N_2O$ emission.

3DCD (3D Circuit Devices) 개발을 위한 기초 연구 (Basic Research For The 3DCD (3D Circuit Devices))

  • 윤해룡;김호찬
    • 한국정밀공학회지
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    • 제31권12호
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    • pp.1061-1066
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    • 2014
  • Generally electrical circuits are fabricated as PCB(Printed Circuit Board) and mounted on a casing of the product. And it requires lots of other parts and some labor for assembly. Recently a molding technology is increasingly applied to embed simple circuits on a plastic casing. The technology is called as MID(Molded Interconnected Device). Therefore this paper introduces a new MID fabrication process by using direct 3D printing technology.

Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion of Cardiac-death Donor Lung in Pigs

  • Paik, Hyo Chae;Haam, Seok Jin;Park, Moo Suk;Song, Joo Han
    • 대한이식학회지
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.154-159
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    • 2014
  • Background: Lung transplantation (LTx) is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage lung disease; however, the shortage of donor lungs has been a major limiting factor to increasing the number of LTx. Growing experience following LTx using donor lungs after cardiac death (DCD) has been promising, although concerns remain. The purpose of this study was to develop a DCD lung harvest model using an ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) system and to assess the function of presumably damaged lungs harvested from the DCD donor in pigs. Methods: The 40 kg pigs were randomly divided into the control group with no ischemic lung injury (n=5) and the study group (n=5), which had 1 hour of warm ischemic lung injury after cardiac arrest. Harvested lungs were placed in the EVLP circuit and oxygen capacities (OC), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and peak airway pressure (PAP) were evaluated every hour for 4 hours. At the end of EVLP, specimens were excised for pathologic review and wet/dry ratio. Results: No statistically significant difference in OC (P=0.353), PVR (P=0.951), and PAP (P=0.651) was observed in both groups. Lung injury severity score (control group vs. study group: 0.700±0.303 vs. 0.870±0.130; P=0.230) and wet/dry ratio (control group vs. study group: 5.89±0.97 vs. 6.20±0.57; P=0.560) also showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: The function of DCD lungs assessed using EVLP showed no difference from that of control lungs without ischemic injury; therefore, utilization of DCD lungs can be a new option to decrease the number of deaths on the waiting list.

SST와 CALIPSO 자료를 이용한 DCD 방법으로 정의된 안개화소 분석 (Analysis of the Fog Detection Algorithm of DCD Method with SST and CALIPSO Data)

  • 신대근;박형민;김재환
    • 대기
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.471-483
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    • 2013
  • Nighttime sea fog detection from satellite is very hard due to limitation in using visible channels. Currently, most widely used method for the detection is the Dual Channel Difference (DCD) method based on Brightness Temperature Difference between 3.7 and 11 ${\mu}m$ channel (BTD). However, this method have difficulty in distinguishing between fog and low cloud, and sometimes misjudges middle/high cloud as well as clear scene as fog. Using CALIPSO Lidar Profile measurements, we have analyzed the intrinsic problems in detecting nighttime sea fog from various satellite remote sensing algorithms and suggested the direction for the improvement of the algorithm. From the comparison with CALIPSO measurements for May-July in 2011, the DCD method excessively overestimates foggy pixels (2542 pixels). Among them, only 524 pixel are real foggy pixels, but 331 pixels and 1687 pixels are clear and other type of clouds, respectively. The 514 of real foggy pixels accounts for 70% of 749 foggy pixels identified by CALIPSO. Our proposed new algorithm detects foggy pixels by comparing the difference between cloud top temperature and underneath sea surface temperature from assimilated data along with the DCD method. We have used two types of cloud top temperature, which obtained from 11 ${\mu}m$ brightness temperature (B_S1) and operational COMS algorithm (B_S2). The detected foggy 1794 pixels from B_S1 and 1490 pixel from B_S2 are significantly reduced the overestimation detected by the DCD method. However, 477 and 446 pixels have been found to be real foggy pixels, 329 and 264 pixels be clear, and 989 and 780 pixels be other type of clouds, detected by B_S1 and B_S2 respectively. The analysis of the operational COMS fog detection algorithm reveals that the cloud screening process was strictly enforced, which resulted in underestimation of foggy pixel. The 538 of total detected foggy pixels obtain only 187 of real foggy pixels, but 61 of clear pixels and 290 of other type clouds. Our analysis suggests that there is no winner for nighttime sea fog detection algorithms, but loser because real foggy pixels are less than 30% among the foggy pixels declared by all algorithms. This overwhelming evidence reveals that current nighttime sea fog algorithms have provided a lot of misjudged information, which are mostly originated from difficulty in distinguishing between clear and cloudy scene as well as fog and other type clouds. Therefore, in-depth researches are urgently required to reduce the enormous error in nighttime sea fog detection from satellite.

APR1400 미국 설계인증을 위한 종합진동평가 심사서류 작성 방안 (Written Plan of CVAP Design Control Document for APR1400 U.S. Design Certification)

  • 고도영;김동학;박영섭
    • 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.102-105
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    • 2014
  • In accordance with U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulatory guide(NRC RG) 1.20(Rev.3), we are writing a comprehensive vibration assessment program(CVAP) design control document(DCD) and a technical report for U.S. NRC design certification(DC) of an Advanced Power Reactor 1400(APR1400) nuclear power plant(NPP). CVAP of an APR1400 NPP for U.S. NRC DC is classified as a non-prototype category 1 type. Therefore, CVAP DCD of reactor vessel internals(RVI) and steam generator internals(SGI) consist of analysis and full inspection program. However, piping system of primary and secondary system will be described as measurement program.

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